0 PFAS, sewage sludge, and the UK food chain: what it means for your drinking water
PFAS, sewage sludge, and the UK food chain: what it means for your drinking water PFAS - often called 'forever chemicals' have been detected throughout the environment, including in rivers, groundwater and some of the raw water used to produce UK drinking water. One potential route is now receiving increasing attention: treated sewage sludge spread on agricultural land. The UK Government has confirmed that PFAS have been detected in samples of treated sludge destined for agricultural use. Research also shows that some PFAS can move from contaminated soil into crops, livestock and water. But this does not mean food grown on treated land is automatically unsafe, or that unsafe levels of PFAS are reaching household taps. In this guide, we look at what evidence shows about sewage sludge, the UK food chain and water. For a broader explanation of PFAS in UK drinking water, including how they are monitored and reduced see our separate guide. Key Points PFAS ("forever chemicals") have been detected in treated sewage sludge spread on UK farmland, but this doesn't mean food grown there, or your tap water, is automatically unsafe. 94.4% of English sewage sludge is recycled onto agricultural land (covering around 1.9% of it), and while PFAS aren't part of the current statutory testing regime for sludge, Defra is consulting on reforming the regulations. PFAS can potentially move from contaminated soil into crops, livestock, and water, but how much depends heavily on the specific PFAS, crop, soil, and conditions involved. DWI testing found zero Tier 3 PFAS results (0.1 µg/L or above) in treated water supplied to consumers in England during 2024, even though PFAS were detected in some raw water sources - 96% of samples were below the detection limit. The Royal Society of Chemistry argues UK limits should be far stricter than the DWI's current thresholds, though its most concerning findings relate to watercourses, not treated tap water. Reverse osmosis, activated carbon, and PFAS-selective anion exchange are the three established filter technologies for reducing PFAS at home, but performance varies a lot by PFAS type, media, and filter design - not every "carbon" or "ion-exchange" filter is equally effective. Table of contents What is sewage sludge and why is it spread on UK farmland? What are PFAS (forever chemicals)? How do PFAS end up in sewage sludge? Is sewage sludge tested for PFAS before being spread on UK farmland? From farmland to food: how PFAS move through the food chain PFAS can persist in soil Can crops absorb PFAS? What about livestock? Can PFAS move from farmland into water? What does this mean for UK tap water quality? Which PFAS are being found in UK water? Are the UK's PFAS drinking water limits strict enough? Can a home water filter remove PFAS from tap water? Reverse Osmosis filters Activated carbon block filters Anion exchange filters What is the best water filter for PFAS? The bigger picture: filtration treats your drinking water, not the source Need help choosing a water filter? FAQs What is sewage sludge and why is it spread on UK farmland? When wastewater arrives at a sewage treatment works, it undergoes a series of processes designed to separate solids from water and remove contaminants before the treated water is discharged. The solid material left behind is known as sewage sludge. After further treatment, sludge suitable for agricultural use is often referred to as biosolids. Rather than simply disposing of this material, most is recycled onto agricultural land. According to DEFRA, 94.4% of sludge produced by English water and sewerage companies is reused on agricultural land, where it provides plant nutrients and organic matter. It is used on around 1.9% of UK agricultural land. There are good reasons for doing this. Biosolids contain useful nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as organic matter that can help improve soil. Recycling these nutrients can also reduce the need for some manufactured fertilisers. The potential problem isn't the principle of recycling sewage sludge. It is the range of substances that can enter a modern wastewater treatment works before that sludge is produced. Wastewater doesn't only contain sewage. Treatment works can receive chemicals originating from homes, businesses, industry and waste management activities. That includes PFAS. Research source: Defra, Consultation on the regulatory framework for sludge applied to agriculture, 2026. What are PFAS (forever chemicals)? PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Rather than being a single chemical, PFAS describes a very large family of synthetic chemicals that have been used for decades because of their resistance to water, grease, stains and heat. They have been used in applications including: Firefighting foams Water and stain resistant textiles Some food packaging Non-stick coatings Paints and coatings Cosmetics and personal care products Industrial processes The problem is their persistence. PFAS contain extremely strong carbon fluorine bonds. Many don't readily break down after they enter the environment, which is why they have become widely known as 'forever chemicals'. PFAS have consequently been detected around the world in soil, wildlife and water. But it's important not to treat PFAS as though they are all one substance. Different PFAS can behave differently in the environment, vary in how readily they move through water and soil, and aren't necessarily associated with the same health effects. Two of the best known and most extensively studied are PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). How do PFAS end up in sewage sludge? PFAS can enter the wastewater system from a variety of sources. Everyday washing can release residues from PFAS containing products. Industrial and commercial wastewater can contain PFAS, while contaminated waste and landfill leachate provide other possible pathways into wastewater treatment. Conventional sewage treatment wasn't originally designed specifically to destroy PFAS. During treatment, some PFAS can remain in the liquid effluent while others can become associated with the solids separated from the wastewater. Those solids eventually form sewage sludge. This isn't just a theoretical pathway. The UK Government's PFAS Plan, published in February 2026 and updated in August 2026, reports that the water industry's Chemicals Investigation Programme analysed treated sludge destined for land application from 11 sludge treatment sites in England and Wales. The samples were analysed for substances of concern including PFOS, PFOA and PFBS. The Government says the occurrence and concentration of PFOS and PFBS varied between samples, and further research is underway to understand what ultimately happens to these contaminants. Separate investigative testing of sewage sludge destined for British farmland has also detected PFAS and prompted concern from environmental scientists about their potential movement into soils, crops and livestock. So, the question is no longer simply whether PFAS can reach sewage sludge. The more important question is what happens to them afterwards. Research sources: UK Government, PFAS Plan: building a safer future together, 2026; CIEH Environmental Health News, forever chemicals from farm sewage sludge can enter food chain, 2025. Is sewage sludge tested for PFAS before being spread on UK farmland? Not as part of the established statutory sludge monitoring regime. PFAS are not currently included in the routine regulatory testing requirements for sewage sludge in the same way as potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. The regulations controlling sewage sludge applied to agricultural land in England date back to the Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations 1989. These rules were introduced to protect people, animals, plants and soil, but our understanding of persistent chemical pollutants has moved on considerably since then. And the Government now accepts that the regulatory framework needs reviewing. In 2026, Defra consulted on three possible approaches: Bringing sludge spreading within the Environment Permitting Regulations; Updating the existing sludge regulations; or Changing standards through non-regulatory approaches. Defra said the aim was to improve environmental protection, safety and spreading practices. The Government's PFAS Plan also commits to further investigation of contaminants beyond wastewater treatment sites and research into future treatment technologies that could reduce PFAS and other pollutants in sewage sludge. Water companies are already undertaking trials, supported by the Ofwat Innovation Fund, into technologies intended to remove contaminants such as PFAS from sludge. This doesn't mean that sewage sludge currently spread on UK farmland should automatically be regarded as unsafe. It does mean regulators are actively investigating whether the system needs to change as our understanding of persistent contaminants improves. Research sources: Defra, Regulatory framework reform for sludge applied to agricultural land, 2026; UK Government, PFAS Plan, 2026. From farmland to food: how PFAS move through the food chain Finding PFAS in sewage sludge does not automatically mean that food produced on land receiving biosolids will contain unsafe levels of PFAS. This is an important distinction. However, once PFAS are applied to agricultural soil, several possible pathways exist. How much PFAS moves along any one of these pathways depends on the particular PFAS involved and local conditions. PFAS can persist in soil Persistence is the defining problem with PFAS. Rather than rapidly degrading after entering soil, some PFAS can remain in the environment for long periods. Repeated applications of biosolids containing PFAS could therefore provide an ongoing source to agricultural soil. Exactly how PFAS behave once there depends on factors including their chemical structure, soil characteristics and environmental conditions. Can crops absorb PFAS? Yes, some PFAS can be taken up by plants. But the extent of that uptake varies significantly between PFAS and crops. Factors include: The particular PFAS PFAS concentration Crop species Which part of the plant is being considered Soil characteristics Availability of water Shorter-chain PFAS are generally more mobile in water than many longer-chain compounds, which can affect how readily they move through soil and into plants. This means statements such as "PFAS contaminated sludge makes crops unsafe" are too simplistic. The evidence supports a potential pathway from contaminated soil into plants, but not the assumption that every crop grown on biosolids-treated land will contain harmful concentrations. What about livestock? Livestock provide another potential route into the food chain. Animals can be exposed to PFAS through drinking water, soil and feed. This is important because cattle may consume parts of crops that humans don't normally eat. If PFAS accumulate in animal tissues or milk following sustained exposure, contamination originating in soil could potentially move further through the food chain. Environmental scientists have raised these concerns directly. Professor Alistair Boxall of the University of York, quoted by the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, said: "Sludge is full of nutrients, but we need to develop ways to exploit this resource while protecting the health of the environment and consumers." Again, this demonstrates a credible exposure pathway. It does not demonstrate that British milk or meat is generally contaminated because biosolids are used on farmland. Can PFAS move from farmland into water? Some PFAS can move through soil and enter groundwater, while drainage and surface runoff can transport contaminants towards streams and rivers. This is particularly important because both groundwater and surface water are used as sources of UK drinking water. What does this mean for UK tap water quality? PFAS contamination of the wider environment and unsafe PFAS concentrations in household tap water are not the same thing. This distinction is important because some coverage of PFAS combines measurements taken from rivers and groundwater with measurements from finished drinking water. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) has substantially increased PFAS monitoring in England and Wales. During 2024, water companies carried out more than 770,000 analyses for individual PFAS, bringing the total number of analyses conducted since 2012 to more than 1.7 million. The DWI uses a three-tier system. DWI classification PFAS concentration Tier 1 Less than 0.01 µg/L Tier 2 Less than 0.1 µg/L Tier 3 0.1 µg/L or above And the 2024 results provide useful context. The DWI recorded 315 Tier 3 results from raw-water abstractions in England. In contrast, it recorded 0 Tier 3 results in treated water being supplied to consumers. The DWI also reported that 96% of samples were below the detection limit of the analytical method used. In other words, PFAS are being detected in some of the rivers, groundwater and other raw-water sources from which drinking water is taken. But that doesn't mean the same concentrations are reaching household taps. Water companies can manage PFAS risks through measures including treatment, blending water from different sources or removing a source from supply. "The current industry strategy of mitigating the risks from PFAS is working effectively to protect consumers." Drinking Water Inspectorate, Drinking Water 2024 So, this isn't evidence that UK tap water is generally unsafe. It is evidence that PFAS contamination of the wider water environment is something water companies and regulators increasingly need to manage. Research source: Drinking Water Inspectorate, Drinking Water 2024 - Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Which PFAS are being found in UK water? PFAS isn't one contaminant, and the DWI's monitoring demonstrates that clearly. In raw water during 2024, PFOS was the most prevalent PFAS, accounting for 21.1% of positive sample results. Other PFAS detected included compounds such as: Abbreviation Full name Notable for PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid Most prevalent PFAS in UK raw water in 2024 (21.1% of positive results). Legacy firefighting foams and stain repellents. PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid One of the two most studied PFAS. Former non-stick and textile manufacturing. PFHxS Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid Used in some firefighting foams; persistent and increasingly regulated. PFHxA Perfluorohexanoic acid A short-chain replacement for older long-chain compounds; more mobile in water. PFBS Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid A short-chain replacement for PFOS; highly mobile, harder to capture on some media. PFBA Perfluorobutanoic acid Short-chain and highly mobile in water. PFPeA Perfluoropentanoic acid Short-chain carboxylic acid; mobile in water. PFHpA Perfluoroheptanoic acid Short-chain carboxylic acid; mobile in water. This matters when discussing water filtration. Different PFAS have different molecular structures and treatment characteristics. A filter performing very well against PFOS or PFOA should therefore not automatically be assumed to achieve the same reduction for every PFAS. Research source: Drinking Water Inspectorate, Drinking Water 2024. Are the UK's PFAS drinking water limits strict enough? There is ongoing debate about whether the UK's current approach to PFAS in drinking water is sufficiently precautionary. Since August 2024, DWI guidance has required water companies to consider the combined concentration of 48 named PFAS, as well as individual PFAS, and use a risk-based approach to progressively reduce concentrations. The DWI's Tier 3 threshold is 0.1 µg/L - equivalent to 100 nanograms per litre (ng/L). However, the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) has argued that the UK should go further. It has called for: A limit of 10 ng/L for each individual PFAS A limit of 100 ng/L for PFAS combined Better identification and reporting of PFAS sources Stricter controls on industrial discharges Stronger national coordination of chemical regulation The RSC's analysis found that 35% and 37% of tested watercourses in England and Wales contained what it classified as medium or high-risk concentrations of PFOS and PFOA respectively. But those figures need context. They refer to watercourses, not necessarily the treated drinking water coming from household taps. That distinction is particularly important when assessing individual exposure. The debate is therefore not simply about whether UK tap water is "safe" or "unsafe". A bigger question is how far PFAS pollution should be allowed to build up in rivers, groundwater and the wider environment before increasingly complex treatment becomes necessary. Research source: Drinking Water Inspectorate; Royal Society of Chemistry, Cleaning up UK drinking water. Can a home water filter remove PFAS from tap water? Yes. Several established water treatment technologies can substantially reduce PFAS. However, not every filter performs equally well and a filter shouldn't be assumed to remove PFAS simply because it contains carbon or resin. The US Environmental Protection Agency identifies three established technologies that can be effective for PFAS reduction: High-pressure membranes such as reverse osmosis Activated carbon Ion-exchange resin Performance depends on factors including the type of PFAS, filter media, amount of media, water chemistry, flow rate and cartridge condition. Reverse Osmosis filters Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the strongest options where broad PFAS reduction is the priority. An RO system pushes water through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure. Water passes through while many dissolved contaminants are rejected by the membrane. The US EPA describes high-pressure membrane technologies including reverse osmosis as extremely effective for reducing PFAS. One advantage of reverse osmosis is that it isn't limited to PFAS. A properly specified system can also reduce a wide range of other dissolved contaminants. Advantages Very high potential PFAS reduction Broad spectrum contaminant reduction Effective against many dissolved substances Things to consider Produces a wastewater stream Requires periodic filter and membrane replacement More complex than a carbon-only drinking water filter Performance depends on the complete system and membrane Reverse osmosis is therefore worth considering if your priority is the highest level of broad spectrum drinking water purification, rather than targeting PFAS alone. Research source: US Environmental Protection Agency, PFAS drinking water treatment research. Activated carbon block filters Activated carbon is one of the most extensively studied treatments for PFAS. It works through a process called adsorption. Rather than simply straining contaminants from the water, PFAS molecules become attached to the enormous internal surface area of the activated carbon as water passes through it. Activated carbon filters can be particularly effective against longer chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA. But performance varies. Factors that matter include: The type of carbon The amount of carbon Contact time Water flow rate The PFAS present Other contaminants competing for adsorption sites How long the cartridge has been in use This is why not all carbon filters should be considered equal for PFAS reduction. A substantial carbon block through which water passes at a controlled flow rate provides very different treatment conditions from a small quantity of loose carbon in a fast flowing filter. Shorter-chain PFAS can also be more difficult to capture and may break through activated carbon sooner than longer-chain compounds. Advantages Straightforward technology Doesn't normally produce wastewater Can also reduce chlorine, tastes and odours Strong treatment option for some longer-chain PFAS Things to consider Performance varies between different PFAS Carbon quantity and contact time matter Cartridges need replacing before contaminants break through PFAS reduction shouldn't be assumed without evidence for the filter Research source: US Environmental Protection Agency, activated carbon treatment research for PFAS. Anion exchange filters Specialist anion-exchange resins can also be highly effective at capturing PFAS. The resin contains sites that attract negatively charged PFAS and hold them within the filter media. The US EPA identifies PFAS-selective anion exchange as an established PFAS treatment technology. But there is an important distinction for domestic water treatment. An ordinary water softener shouldn't be assumed to remove PFAS. Traditional domestic softeners generally use cation-exchange resin designed primarily to remove hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. PFAS treatment instead requires an appropriately selection anion-exchange media. So, the fact that a water treatment system contains "ion-exchange resin" doesn't by itself demonstrate that it is suitable for PFAS. Advantages Can provide highly effective targeted PFAS reduction Specialist resins can capture a range of PFAS Doesn't normally produce a wastewater stream Can be a useful option where PFAS reduction is the specific priority Things to consider Requires a specialist anion-exchange media designed for PFAS reduction Ordinary water-softening resin should not be assumed to reduce PFAS Performance depends on the type of PFAS and the resin used Media requires replacement once its treatment capacity is exhausted PFAS reduction shouldn't be assumed without evidence for the particular filter Research source: US Environmental Protection Agency, PFAS treatment technologies. What is the best water filter for PFAS? There isn't one best PFAS filter for every household. It depends on the level of treatment you want and what else you want your filter to reduce. Filter Type Potential PFAS reduction Best for Important considerations Reverse Osmosis Very high Broad-spectrum drinking water purification Strong option across a wide range of PFAS; produces wastewater and requires membrane maintenance Activated carbon block Good to very high for certain PFAS Straightforward under-sink drinking water filtration Particularly useful for many longer-chain PFAS; performance depends on carbon quantity, contact time, flow and cartridge condition PFAS-selective anion exchange Very high when correctly specified Targeted PFAS reduction Requires specialist media; conventional water-softening resin is not equivalent If your priority is broad PFAS reduction alongside a wide range of other dissolved contaminants, reverse osmosis is generally the most comprehensive of these three treatment approaches. If you want a simpler under-sink drinking water filter without a wastewater stream, a substantial activated carbon block may be a practical alternative, particularly for longer-chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA. Specialist anion-exchange media can also provide highly effective targeted PFAS reduction. The important point is to avoid assuming that every filter labelled "carbon", "RO" or "ion-exchange" will achieve the same result. Filter design, media quantity, contact time and maintenance all matter. And unless a particular system has been independently tested for PFAS reduction, we would avoid attaching a precise percentage-removal claim to it. The bigger picture: filtration treats your drinking water, not the source Home water filtration can provide an additional barrier for people who want to reduce the amount of PFAS in their drinking water. But it doesn't solve the underlying environmental problem. Most established filtration technologies separate or capture PFAS rather than destroying them. Activated carbon holds PFAS within the carbon. Ion-exchange media retains PFAS on the resin. Reverse osmosis separates PFAS from the purified water and transfers much of it into the reject-water stream. Ultimately, the more effective long-term solution is preventing unnecessary PFAS from entering the environment in the first place. The UK Government's 2026 PFAS Plan recognises this challenge. Its approach includes understanding PFAS sources, tackling pathways into the environment and reducing ongoing exposure. The Government is also continuing research into what happens to contaminants after wastewater treatment and exploring technologies capable of reducing PFAS in sewage sludge. This matters because PFAS contamination isn't simply a drinking water issue. It's a whole environmental cycle: Products and industry → wastewater → treatment works → sludge and effluent → soil and water → food and drinking water sources Once highly persistent chemicals enter that cycle, removing them becomes considerably more difficult. Need help choosing a water filter? If you're concerned about PFAS in your drinking water, there isn't a one size fits all solution. The right filtration system depends on how extensively you want to treat your water, which other contaminants you want to reduce, your available water pressure and whether you want straightforward carbon filtration or broader purification through reverse osmosis. At Fountain Filters, we specialise in domestic water filtration and can help you compare the options without recommending more filtration than you need. If you're unsure which type of system is right for you, contact us and we'll help you choose a practical solution for your home. FAQs Are PFAS present in UK tap water? Yes. PFAS have been detected in some raw water sources and at low concentrations in some treated drinking water. In England in 2024, however, the DWI recorded no Tier 3 PFAS results (0.1 µg/L or above) in treated water supplied to consumers. Does sewage sludge spread on UK farmland contain PFAS? PFAS have been detected in treated sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. The UK Government's PFAS Plan confirms that PFOS and PFBS were found at varying occurrences and concentrations in samples examined through the Chemicals Investigation Programme. Can PFAS in sewage sludge get into food? Potentially. Research shows that some PFAS can move from contaminated soil into plants, while livestock can be exposed through feed, soil and water. The amount transferred depends on the PFAS, crop, soil and other environmental conditions, so this does not mean food produced on biosolids-treated land is automatically unsafe. Can PFAS from farmland get into drinking water? Potentially. Some PFAS can migrate through soil into groundwater or reach rivers through drainage and runoff. Water companies monitor raw-water sources and can use treatment, blending or other measures to prevent elevated PFAS concentrations reaching consumers. What is the best home water filter for PFAS? Reverse osmosis is one of the most comprehensive established options for broad PFAS reduction and can also reduce a wide range of other dissolved contaminants. Activated carbon and specialist anion-exchange systems can also be effective, although performance varies according to the PFAS and the design, media and condition of the filter. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 How to filter microplastics from drinking water
How to Filter Microplastics from Drinking Water Microplastics in drinking water have attracted increasing attention in recent years. They have been detected in both tap water and bottled water, and improvements in scientific testing mean researchers can now detect particles that were previously difficult or impossible to measure. But there is a lot of conflicting information online about microplastics. Some claims are alarming, while others oversimplify the problem. The reality is more interesting. Microplastics are physical particles, which means they can be separated from water by suitable filtration. But not all water filters will remove the same size particles, and choosing a filter based simply on the smallest number of microns you can find isn't necessarily the right approach. In this guide, we'll look at the latest research into microplastics in drinking water, including UK tap water and bottled water, what we know about potential health effects and, most importantly, how filtration works. Key Points Microplastics have been detected in all UK tap water and bottled water samples tested by a 2025 study, averaging around 40 particles per litre in tap water and 37 in bottled water - not a statistically significant difference. Detecting microplastics doesn't mean UK tap water is unsafe: it's extensively treated and regulated, and there's currently no universally accepted regulatory limit for microplastics specifically. The WHO has reviewed the evidence and found significant gaps in understanding; based on what's known so far, microplastics in drinking water don't appear to pose a significant health risk at current levels, though more research - especially into nano-plastics - is needed. Microplastics span a huge range of sizes, so a filter's micron rating only protects against particles larger than that rating - no single filter removes every microplastic. Point of use filters vary in effectiveness: research found membrane filtration performed better at removing microplastics than granular activated carbon and ion exchange alone. Boiling hard water can trap some microplastics in the resulting limescale, but it doesn't destroy the plastic and isn't a reliable substitute for proper filtration. Table of contents What are microplastics? Are there microplastics in tap water in the UK? Does this mean UK tap water is unsafe? Tap water vs bottled water: which contains more microplastics? Are microplastics in drinking water harmful? Can microplastics be removed from water? What about boiling water? How to filter microplastics from drinking water What size are the microplastics in drinking water? Smaller isn't always better What is the best water filter to remove microplastics? Activated carbon water filter Reverse osmosis Water filter bottles FAQs Need help choosing a water filter? What are microplastics? Microplastics are small pieces of plastic generally defined as particles less than 5 millimetres in size. That definition covers an enormous range of particle sizes. A 4 mm fragment and a particle measuring just a few micrometres can both be classified as microplastics, even though they behave very differently in water and present very different filtration challenges. Microplastics can be created deliberately at small sizes, but many are produced when larger plastic items break down. Sunlight, weathering, abrasion and physical wear can gradually break plastic products down into smaller particles. They can take several forms, including fragments, fibres, films and small pellets. The plastic itself can also vary. Researchers have identified polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and other plastics in water samples. There is another important distinction between microplastics and nano-plastics. Nano-plastics are generally understood to be particles smaller than 1 micrometre, although definitions and measurement methods vary between studies. Why does this matter when we're talking about water filtration? Because particle size is fundamental to filtration. A filter doesn't know whether a particle is microplastic. It simply provides a physical barrier. Whether a particular particle is retained depends on its size, shape and the characteristics of the filtration medium. Are there microplastics in tap water in the UK? Yes. Microplastics have been detected in UK tap water. However, that statement needs some context. A particularly useful study published in 2025 investigated microplastics in UK drinking water using the same analytical approach for both tap water and bottled water. Researchers tested 177 tap water samples from 13 UK cities and 85 bottled water samples from 17 brands sold in the UK. Microplastics were detected in all the samples tested. The average concentration was approximately 40 microplastic particles per litre in tap water. The researchers found considerable variation between individual samples, however, so this should not be interpreted as meaning that every litre of UK tap water contains exactly 40 particles. The study also looked at the size, shape and polymer composition of the particles rather than simply counting them. The average particle size was approximately 32.4 micrometres in tap water, although particles occurred across a much wider size range. This is an important point when considering how to filter microplastics from water. Knowing that microplastics are present doesn't tell us what size filter is required. Does this mean UK tap water is unsafe? The presence of microplastics does not mean that UK tap water is unsafe to drink. Public drinking water in the UK is extensively treated and regulated. Microplastics are an emerging area of research, and there is currently no universally accepted regulatory limit for microplastics in drinking water equivalent to the limits established for many other substances. It is therefore important not to turn the detection of microplastics into a claim that UK drinking water is dangerous. The more measured conclusion is that microplastics are present, scientists are still investigating their significance, and filtration provides a practical way of reducing particles in drinking water if you want to minimise your exposure. Research source: Synthetic Microplastics in UK tap and bottled water; Implications for human exposure, Emerging Contaminants, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025. The study examined 177 UK tap water samples and 85 bottled water samples. Tap water vs bottled water: which contains more microplastics? This is where the story becomes more complicated. You may have seen claims that bottled water contains hundreds or even hundreds of thousands of plastic particles per litre. Some of those claims are based on genuine scientific studies, but comparing the numbers from different studies can be misleading because researchers use different sampling and analytical techniques and may be measuring very different particle sizes. For example, a 2024 study published by researchers from Columbia University and Rutgers University used advanced imaging techniques to investigate much smaller plastic particles, including nano-plastics, in bottled water. The study estimated approximately 240,000 plastic particles per litre across the three bottled water brands tested, with most of those particles being nano-plastics rather than conventional microplastics. That number should not be directly compared with a study that only measures larger microplastics. The 2025 UK study provides a much more useful comparison because it examined tap and bottled water using the same methodology. It found average concentrations of approximately: 40 microplastic particles per litre in UK tap water 37 microplastic particles per litre in bottled water The difference was not statistically significant. Interestingly, the researchers found that the average particle size was larger in tap water samples than in the bottled water samples. This doesn't mean that bottled water is necessarily better or worse than tap water in every circumstance. It does mean that the simplistic claim that bottled water always contains more microplastics than tap water isn't supported by the latest UK comparison. There are also potential sources of plastic particles associated with bottled water itself, including packaging and bottle caps. For someone concerned about bottled water microplastics in the UK, drinking filtered mains water from a reusable bottle is a practical alternative to relying on single use bottled water. Research sources: Synthetic Microplastics in UK tap and bottled water; Implications for human exposure, Emerging Contaminants, 2025 Qian et al., Rapid single particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2024. Are microplastics in drinking water harmful? This is probably the question that concerns people most, but it is also the question where we need to be particularly careful about what the evidence tells us. Microplastics have been detected in drinking water, food and the wider environment. Researchers are investigating whether different particle sizes, shapes and polymer types could have biological effects. However, there isn't currently enough evidence to say that the levels of microplastics detected in drinking water cause specific health problems in humans. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reviewed the available evidence on microplastics in drinking water and identified significant gaps in our understanding of both exposure and potential health effects. The WHO concluded that, based on the limited evidence available at the time, microplastics in drinking water did not appear to pose a significant health risk at current levels. It also stressed that considerably more research is needed, particularly into smaller particles and nano-plastics. That is an important distinction. We know microplastics are present. We don't yet know enough to make definitive claims about the long-term health effects of drinking them. At Fountain Filters, we think it's better to explain that uncertainty honestly rather than use frightening claims to sell water filters. If you nevertheless want to reduce your exposure to microplastic particles in drinking water, suitable filtration is one practical option. Research source: World Health Organisation, Microplastics in drinking water, 2019. Further reading: Other things found in UK tap water. Can microplastics be removed from water? This is where understanding the difference between dissolved contaminants and particles becomes important. Some substances in water are dissolved at a molecular level. Others, such as sediment and microplastic particles, have a physical presence and measurable dimensions. A filter works by providing a barrier through which water can pass while retaining particles that are too large to pass through the filtration medium. This is the basic principle behind sediment filtration. If a suspended particle is larger than the effective openings in the filter, the particle can be retained while the water passes through. That sounds simple, but there is an important complication: Microplastics aren't all the same size This is why the question shouldn't simply be: “Does this water filter remove microplastics?” A better question is: “What size particles has this filtration system been designed or tested to retain?” Research into drinking water treatment supports the principle that physical filtration can substantially reduce microplastics. Conventional drinking water treatment processes can achieve significant removal, although performance depends on the treatment process and the particles being measured. Point of use filtration can provide an additional barrier immediately before the water is consumed. A 2023 study specifically examined domestic point of use water filtration systems and found substantial differences between those tested. Devices incorporating membrane filtration performed better at removing the microplastic particles used in the study than the device relying on granular activated carbon and ion exchange alone. This is a useful reminder that not all water filters are microplastic filters simply because they are called water filters. Research source: Cherian et al., Microplastic Removal from Drinking Water Using Point of Use Devices, Polymers, 2023, 15(6), 1331. DOI: 10.3390/polym15061331. What about boiling water? In 2024, researchers published a study investigating whether boiling tap water could reduce nano and microplastics. They found that when water containing certain plastic particles was boiled, calcium carbonate could form around the particles in hard water. This caused some of the particles to become incorporated into the resulting limescale. The researchers found that boiling hard water could remove at least 80% of the tested polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene particles between 0.1 and 150 micrometres under their experimental conditions. However, there is an important qualification. Boiling does not destroy the plastic. The particles become associated with calcium carbonate deposits, and filtration is then needed to physically remove the resulting material. The effect was also strongly influenced by water hardness. The study therefore doesn't mean that simply boiling a kettle of water guarantees removal of microplastics. It is an interesting piece of research, but for everyday household use, a properly selected filtration system is a much more controlled approach. Research source: Yu et al., Drinking Boiled Tap Water Reduces Human Intake of Nanoplastics and Microplastics, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2024 11(3), 273-279. DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00081. Further reading: Hard water areas. How to filter microplastics from drinking water If your objective is to remove microplastics from water, filtration is a logical approach because microplastics are physical particles. However, the type of filter matters. Activated carbon is extremely useful in drinking water filtration. It can reduce chlorine and many compounds responsible for unpleasant taste and odour, and some carbon products are designed to reduce some dissolved contaminants. But activated carbon adsorption and physical particle filtration are two different things. A carbon filter can contain a carbon block that also provides physical filtration, but you shouldn't assume that a filter removes microplastics simply because it contains activated carbon. The effective filtration rating matters. For example, a 10 micron filter cannot be expected to reliably retain particles smaller than 10 microns. Likewise, a 5 micron filter should not automatically be marketed as removing every microplastic particle because some microplastics are considerably smaller. What size are the microplastics in drinking water? This is where choosing a microplastic filter becomes more complicated than simply looking for the smallest number of microns. Microplastics range from relatively large particles through to particles approaching the nano-plastic range. The 2025 UK study found average particle sizes of approximately 32.4 micrometres in tap water and 26.5 micrometres in bottled water, but the particles covered a much wider size range. Particle shape also matters. Microplastics can be fragments, fibres and other shapes, and these don't necessarily behave identically when passing through a filtration medium. This means that a micron rating is useful, but it isn't a guarantee of performance against every type of microplastic. There is also a distinction between nominal and absolute filtration ratings. Where available, you should look at the manufacturer's definition of the rating and any independent performance testing rather than assuming a quoted micron figure tells you everything you need to know. Smaller isn't always better This is one of the points we think is often missed in articles about microplastics. It might seem logical that the best approach is simply to install the smallest micron rated filter available. But water filtration is a balance between filtration performance, flow rate and pressure drop. The finer the filtration medium, the greater the potential restriction to water flow. A small cartridge with a very fine filtration rating may be perfectly suitable for a drinking water tap, where the required flow rate is relatively low, but completely unsuitable for filtering the entire mains water supply to a house. Imagine installing a very fine 0.2 micron filter cartridge directly into a high-flow mains supply without enough filter surface area. The result could be a substantial pressure drop and disappointing flow at the taps and showers. When it comes to whole house filtration, bigger filter housing and greater filtration surface area can be much more important than simply choosing the smallest micron number. This is why the right solution depends on the application. For a drinking water only system, a fine filtration stage may provide excellent particle reduction without significantly affecting the rest of the home's water supply. For whole house filtration, the filter needs to be sized to handle the required flow rate. What is the best water filter to remove microplastics? There isn't one best water filter for microplastics that is right for every home. The most appropriate system depends on: The size of particles you want to target The amount of water you need to filter The flow rate you require Your available water pressure Whether you want to filter drinking water only or the whole house What other contaminants you want to reduce How much space you have available Your budget For drinking water, a fine sediment or membrane filtration stage can provide a physical barrier to small particles. For example, the 2023 point of use filtration study found that the devices incorporating membrane filtration were more effective at reducing the microplastic particles used in the research than the device relying only on granular activated carbon and ion exchange. That doesn't mean that every membrane filter will remove every microplastic particle. It means that physical filtration technology matters. This is also why we wouldn't recommend choosing a water filter solely because it has the smallest advertised micron rating. Activated carbon water filter For households looking to reduce particles as well as other contaminants in drinking water, a water filter containing carbon block cartridges can combine different stages of filtration. A suitable filter may use a carbon stage to improve taste and reduce chlorine and other contaminants, followed by a finer filtration stage designed to remove very small particles. The advantage of a multi-stage system is that each stage can perform a different job rather than expecting one cartridge to do everything. If you want to explore this option, we recommend our Oyster TC. Reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis is another option when you want a much higher level of drinking water purification. An RO system uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water from a wide range of dissolved substances and particulate matter. However, reverse osmosis should not be chosen simply because you're worried about microplastics. It is a more comprehensive treatment technology and may be unnecessary if your only objective is reducing suspended particles. If you're interested in RO, see our Reverse Osmosis Systems. Further reading: How reverse osmosis works. Water filter bottles For people who need to filter water away from home, a suitable filter bottle can provide another option. Some specialist filtration bottles are designed to reduce particles and other contaminants when travelling, hiking or using water from sources where the quality is uncertain. The important thing is to check what the manufacturer claims the filter will remove rather than assuming that all filtered water bottles provide the same level of filtration. FAQs How can I remove microplastics from water? Microplastics can be reduced using suitable physical filtration or membrane filtration. The filter needs to be capable of retaining particles of the size you want to target. A finer micron rating isn't automatically better because flow rate and pressure drop also need to be considered. What is the best water filter for microplastics? There isn't a single best filter for every situation. For drinking water, look for a system incorporating appropriate physical or membrane filtration and check the manufacturer's specifications and any available performance testing. Can a 5 micron water filter remove microplastics? A 5 micron filter can retain particles larger than its effective filtration threshold, but it should not be described as removing all microplastics. Microplastics occur across a wide range of sizes, including particles less than 5 microns. Are there microplastics in UK tap water? Yes. A 2025 study detected microplastics in all 177 tap water samples it tested. The average concentration was approximately 40 particles per litre, although concentrations varied considerably between samples. Does bottled water contain more microplastics than tap water? Not necessarily. The 2025 UK study found average concentrations of approximately 40 microplastic particles per litre in tap water and 37 particles per litre in bottled water, with no statistically significant difference between the two. Different studies using different analytical methods can produce very different particle counts. Can boiling water remove microplastics? Boiling can reduce some nano and microplastics under certain conditions, particularly in hard water areas where calcium carbonate forms and can trap particles. The plastic is not destroyed, however, and the research involved specific experimental conditions. Does reverse osmosis remove microplastics? Reverse osmosis uses a very fine semi-permeable membrane and provides a high level of physical separation. However, performance depends on the particular system and membrane, so it is best to check the manufacturer's specifications rather than assume all RO systems perform identically. Are microplastics in drinking water harmful? The potential health effects of microplastics are still being investigated. The WHO has identified significant gaps in the evidence and recommends further research. It would therefore be misleading to claim that the concentrations currently detected in drinking water are proven to cause specific health problems. Need help choosing a water filter? If you're concerned about microplastics in your drinking water, there isn't a one size fits all answer. The right filtration system depends on the particle size you're trying to reduce, the flow rate you need and whether you're treating a single drinking water outlet or the whole house. At Fountain Filters, we specialise in domestic water filtration and can help you compare the options. If you're unsure which type of system is right for you, contact us and we'll help you choose a practical filtration solution based on your water pressure, flow requirements and wider water quality needs. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 how long does bottled water last
Does bottled water go bad? If you’re a regular consumer of water from plastic bottles, and you’re storing those plastic bottles correctly and drinking them within a couple of years, the water won’t go bad, but the bottle will eventually start to degrade. The whole concept of ‘can water expire’ is probably something that hasn’t even crossed your mind and we’ve probably peaked your interest on whether water can go out of date. Some of the topics we’ll cover in this article will focus on how long bottled water lasts if it remains unopened, bottled water expiration dates, the possible contaminants when plastic bottles start to break down, and the best alternatives to buying and drinking water in plastic bottles. You’ll notice that our concentration is on water bought in plastic bottles. Water can of course be purchased in glass bottles and aluminium cans. Key Points Stored correctly and drunk within a couple of years, bottled water itself won’t go bad, but the plastic bottle will eventually degrade. The dates on bottled water are ‘best before’ rather than ‘use by’, and relate to plastic degradation rather than the water becoming unsafe. There appears to be no UK legal requirement for an expiry date; brands add one largely for stock rotation. The main concerns are microplastics (found in far higher amounts than tap water) and poor storage; PET plastic itself contains no BPA, phthalates, or carcinogens. Store sealed bottles in a cool, dark place away from sunlight, heat, and strong-smelling chemicals; never leave them in a hot car. A drinking water filter is a cheaper, greener alternative that removes chlorine, microplastics, and PFAS, so you never need to worry about bottled water expiring. Table of contents How long does bottled water last unopened? Why do bottled waters have expiration dates? How bottled water can become unsafe to drink Potential health risks of drinking expired bottled water Best practices for storing and preserving bottled water What are the best alternatives to bottled water? How Fountain Filters can help you move away from bottled water FAQs How long does bottled water last unopened? While undertaking some research for this article the consensus appears to be that unopened bottles of water should be kept for NO longer than two years. There is a caveat to this and that is how you store your bottles of water. We cover this in more depth later, but unopened bottles of water should be stored away from direct sunlight. Preferably in a cool, dark cupboard, and not outside. Water in bottles that are kept in direct sunlight could impair the taste and smell of the water and this could be construed as water that has gone off. Why do bottled waters have expiration dates? Bottled water has an expiry date, but it’s normally stamped on plastic bottles of water as a ‘best before’ date rather than a ‘use by’ date. The ‘best before’ date is more concerned with the possible degradation in the plastic which could affect the quality of the water. When we looked at different brands of bottled water on our local supermarket shelves it confirmed the two year ‘best before’ date that we’d read while doing our research. Manufacturers of bottled water in the UK have already had to prove their bottled water is safe to drink and complies with permissible levels for chemical, pesticide, microbiological, and radioactive substances. The water must have been tested at a UKAS accredited laboratory that uses recognised scientific methods for testing bottled water. We didn’t find a brand of bottled water that didn’t have a ‘best before’ date stamped on it. We haven’t been able to find any UK regulations on whether bottled water companies are legally required to display expiry dates on bottled water. The requirement does not appear in The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (England) Regulations 2007. We can surmise from this that there is no legal requirement for bottled water to have an expiry date and it’s the brands who choose to put one on because they feel they should. Expiry dates on products are incredibly useful for stock rotation. We’d be happy to be corrected on the legality of expiry dates on bottled water if you think we are wrong. The expiry date on bottled water is very subjective as it depends on how the plastic bottles are stored. Storage conditions will have a direct impact on the ultimate quality of the water inside the bottle. Do you even take notice of expiration dates on bottles of water? Unless you’re a prepper, we can’t imagine why people would store unopened bottles of water for years, so this debate around ‘how long does bottled water last’ probably isn’t a topic of conversation that comes up for you very often. How bottled water can become unsafe to drink We consider that there are two main risks that could potentially make bottled water unsafe to drink. The risks are microplastics and how the plastic bottles are stored. Microplastics is our most serious concern. Let’s look at microplastics first. Microplastics are pieces of plastic 5mm or smaller in size. To give a bit of context, a red blood cell is just over 5µm, that's 0.005mm. There are MORE microplastics in bottled water than tap water. A study by researchers at Colombia and Rutgers universities in the USA found that bottled water can contain up to 100 times more tiny pieces of plastic than previously thought. The average litre of bottled water contains almost a quarter of a million nano-plastic fragments. You can read more in this BBC article. You may want to read our detailed blog post ‘How to filter and remove microplastics from drinking water effectively’ as that article will give you lots of useful information about how to remove microplastics with one of our drinking water filter systems. The second risk is the plastic bottle that could render bottled water unpalatable. Water is normally bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Over time, the plastic breaks down which may affect the taste and smell of the water, so you’d probably discard it after one mouthful as it wouldn’t taste very nice. PET itself does not contain chemicals that are harmful to health, such as phthalates or BPA. There are also no carcinogens in PET plastic. Heat and sunlight are more relevant to the quality and storage of bottled water than to the safety of the PET plastic itself. There is currently no good evidence that normal exposure to heat, such as leaving a PET water bottle in a warm car, makes the plastic unsafe or causes harmful levels of contaminants to enter the water. However, prolonged exposure to heat and sunlight can affect the taste and quality of the water. Once a bottle has been opened, warm conditions can also encourage bacterial growth, particularly if the bottle is being reused. What about reusing single-use plastic bottles? If you refill a single use plastic bottle with clean water, doing so occasionally is generally considered unlikely to pose a significant food safety risk. However, bottles that are repeatedly reused can become harder to clean, particularly around scrathes, gooves and the cap, where bacteria can accumulate. An August 2026 article from EatingWell looks at the latest advice from food safety experts on reusing single use plastic bottles. Potential health risks of drinking expired bottled water It’s up to you to consider the potential health risks of drinking bottled water, whether it’s expired or not. We have highlighted the risk of microplastics in bottled water and how bottled water is stored. It is up to you to make a considered choice when it comes to the bottled water you are purchasing. We have read some horror stories out there on the internet about bottled water and we will never scaremonger people into believing they are true. Best practices for storing and preserving bottled water We’ve briefly touched on the importance of how bottled water is stored. If you do want to continue buying bottled water, then here are some useful tips (amongst other things!) on how to store water if you buy it in plastic bottles. If you are going to reuse a plastic bottle, make sure it is clean and undamaged and only refill it with clean drinking water. For regular use, a reusable bottle designed for repeated use, such as one made from aluminium, glass or durable plastic, is a better choice. Don’t buy too much bottled water at a time. That way they’ll be no danger of those bottles of water going out of date. Only store sealed tamper evident plastic bottles of water. We don’t understand why people would store opened bottles of water, but people do some weird and wonderful things. Treat your bottles of water as you would any other food product. Store your plastic bottles of water in a cool, dust-free environment, away from direct sunlight and potential sources of contamination, such as strong smelling chemicals or diesel fumes. Store bottled water in a cool, clean place away from direct sunlight and strong smelling chemicals. Once opened, keep the bottle cool and drink the water reasonably quickly, particularly if you have been drinking directly from the bottle. If your bottles of water are stored correctly the water should not deteriorate. What are the best alternatives to bottled water? Fountain Filters considers the best alternatives to bottled water are filtering your own kitchen tap water with a Water to Go bottle OR installing one of our under sink drinking water filters such as our Pearl T chlorine and taste filter. The Pearl T is a good starter drinking water filter and will remove chlorine, sediments, microplastics (to 5 microns), forever chemicals (PFAS), and much more. You can of course opt for a 0.5 micron carbon block if you want to filter down to the sub-micron level. Fountain Filters urges you to stop buying water in plastic bottles as there are better, cheaper ways to gain access to filtered drinking water and then you don’t ever need to stress about whether bottled water expires or not. You can even help other people when they ask you questions like ‘can bottled water go bad’? or ‘does bottled water expire’? After what will be the best investment you can make for your home, your drinking water filter will save you money in the long term. Why? Because drinking water filters are much cheaper than buying bottled water. If you’re now left wondering whether a water filter actually works, you’d be crazy not to read this article. How Fountain Filters can help you move away from bottled water Fountain Filters can help you in so many ways. We are passionate about helping people understand that there are better alternatives to filtered drinking water than continually buying water in single use plastic bottles. Curiosity is a marvellous trait to have and we’re open to as many questions as you have when it comes to installing a drinking water filter in your home. We say, who cares how long bottled water lasts, because after you invest in a drinking water filter, you’ll no longer have to worry about it. FAQs Is bottled water still good after 5 years? If the bottles have been stored correctly, bottled water could still be good enough to drink after 5 years. But we’d question why you’re keeping a bottle of water for five years in the first place. How to tell if bottled water is bad? We know this is subjective, but if the bottled water has a strange taste or smell, don’t drink it. Are old bottles of water safe to drink? Potentially yes, old bottles of water are safe to drink if they have been stored correctly and have remained unopened. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 How do UV water systems work
How Do UV Water Systems Work Installing a UV water filter is an increasingly popular choice for households across the UK who are looking for a reliable, chemical free way to improve water safety. Unlike traditional filters that eliminate contaminants, ultraviolet water filters neutralise harmful microorganisms on a microscopic scale. These systems are particularly beneficial in contexts where bacterial or viral contamination is a concern, including private water supplies, aging plumbing infrastructure, or storage tanks. This guide explains UV water systems and helps you determine if they suit your current filtration needs. Key Points UV water filters neutralise bacteria, viruses, and protozoa by disrupting their DNA, they don't remove them. They can achieve up to 99.99% reduction in biological contaminants under ideal conditions. UV systems do not remove chemicals, heavy metals, chlorine, or sediment. Pre-filtration is essential. Most UK homes on mains water don't need a UV system. They're mainly for private water supplies (wells, boreholes). UV lamps need replacing every 12 months to stay effective. Always pair a UV system with a sediment pre-filter for best results. Table of contents How UV light purifies water (the simple explanation) Do UV water filters work? How a UV water system works step by step Do you need a UV water system in the UK UV water filter vs other filtration systems Pros and cons of UV water systems How to choose the right UV system Maintenance and running costs Can UV replace a standard water filter When UV is the right solution FAQs How UV light purifies water (The simple explanation) A UV water filter works through a simple but highly effective process. As water flows through a stainless steel chamber, it passes a UV lamp housed inside a protective quartz sleeve. This lamp emits ultraviolet light at a precise wavelength; typically, around 254 nanometres, which is especially powerful against harmful microorganisms. When the water moves past the lamp, the UV light penetrates bacteria, viruses, and protozoa present in the water. Instead of physically removing these contaminants, a UV water filter neutralises them by disrupting their DNA. This prevents them from reproducing or causing infection, making the water safe to use. What happens to bacteria and viruses under UV light UV light kills bacteria and viruses by deactivating them. Bacteria and viruses in water lack the protective barrier that human cells have, making them susceptible to the intense energy of UV rays. Ultraviolet (UV) energy penetrates the outer cellular wall or viral protein coat and is subsequently absorbed by nucleic acids; DNA in bacteria and either DNA or RNA in viruses. The genetic strands may break or become joined together. The organism can no longer replicate. Because microorganisms rely on reproduction to spread infection, this effectively renders them harmless. Organisms stay in the water but become inactive, so UV is considered a disinfection method, not a filtration method. Do UV water filters work? A properly installed and maintained ultraviolet (UV) water filtration system is considered one of the most efficient methods for water disinfection. Ultraviolet water filter systems, used with pre-filtration, are found in homes (normally on a private water supply), hospitals, labs, and UK water treatment plants. Independent UK research and Drinking Water Inspectorate guidance support that properly designed UV-C disinfection systems can achieve up to 99.99% (4-log) reduction of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa under validated operating conditions. What UV systems are proven to remove UV water filters are highly effective against a wide range of biological contaminants, including: Bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Coliform bacteria, Legionella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Viruses such as Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Polio, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, Rotavirus. Protozoan (chlorine resistant) cysts like Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Other microbes such as mould, algae, fungi, and parasites. What UV systems cannot remove Although UV systems work well, they still have some drawbacks. Specifically, they are unable to remove: Sediment and particulates – dirt, rust, sand, and other suspended solids. These can all shield bacteria from the UV light. It’s important to have pre-filtration in place before water passes through the UV water filter. Dissolved chemicals – pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals. Heavy metals – lead, arsenic, mercury, iron, manganese, or salts. Chlorine and Chloramines – UV light can break down but not remove chlorine or chloramine. Chlorine impacts the taste and smell of your water, but it’s highly unlikely that you’d have chlorine in your water if you’re on a private water supply. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – an ultraviolet water filter system will not remove these. Taste, smell, and colour of water – because UV doesn’t remove dissolved solids or chemicals, it does not improve the taste or smell of water. Fountain Filters expert advice: ''A UV water filter should always be paired with appropriate pre-filtration or additional treatment methods.'' Contaminant Type Removed by UV? Notes Bacteria, (E. coli, Salmonella, Legionella) Yes DNA disruption renders them inactive Viruses (Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus) Yes Highly effective Protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium) Yes Chlorine-resistant: UV is particularly effective here Sediment, rust, dirt No Requires sediment pre-filter Chlorine/chloramines No Use activated carbon for this Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, iron) No Requires reverse osmosis Pesticides / herbicides No Requires activated carbon or RO VOCs No Requires specialist filtration Taste, smell, and colour No Not a filtration method Limescale / hard water minerals No Requires water conditioner / water softener How a UV water system works step by step It’s been established that ultraviolet water filter systems eliminate microorganisms in water using germicidal ultraviolet light, protecting humans from possible harm. Below is a detailed explanation of how these microorganisms are removed. Step 1 - Pre-filtration For UV light to penetrate effectively you must remove any particles, dirt, rust, and turbidity from the water. This is achieved by ensuring the water passes through a pre-filter containing a pleated sediment cartridge with a 5 or 20 micron rating; or a configuration of the two. This step is crucial because particles in the water can shield microorganisms from UV light, reducing the system’s effectiveness. Step 2 – Water enters the UV chamber Following pre-filtration treatment, the water passes into a chamber constructed of stainless steel or plastic, commonly known as the reactor. The water moves through the area between the quartz sleeve and the chamber wall, while the UV lamp is positioned within the protective quartz sleeve. Stainless steel chambers tolerate higher temperatures. If water isn't flowing when the power is on, it can heat up. Plastic chambers are more vulnerable to heat damage. Let’s look at what’s happening to the water as it flows through the chamber and gets a sufficient dose of UV radiation. Step 3 – Water is exposed to UV light The UV lamp housed inside the quartz sleeve releases intense UVC light. The sleeve allows the ultraviolet rays to shine through but keeps the lamp dry. As this UV radiation penetrates microorganisms’ cell membranes, it disrupts their DNA and RNA. Ultimately, this process prevents these microorganisms from multiplying or causing disease. Step 4 – Treated water leaves the chamber After the UV light has effectively purified the water, the treated and potable water exits the chamber and proceeds through the pipework to the tap. Flow rate and exposure time For UV disinfection to work properly, water must receive a sufficient “dose” of UV light. This depends on: The intensity of the lamp The clarity of the water The speed at which water flows through the system A dose of UV radiation is typically measured in millijoules per square centimetre (mJ/cm²), representing the product of the lamp's intensity and the water's residence time within the reactor. If water flows too quickly, microorganisms may not receive enough exposure. That’s why systems are carefully rated for specific flow rates and household sizes. Do you need a UV water system in the UK Most households in the UK do not need a UV water filter system. If your home is on mains water you’re already benefitting from treated water which makes it safe to drink and cook with. Water treatment plants use a disinfectant called chlorine to kill harmful contaminants from tap water. Installing a UV water filter is recommended if your water hasn’t already been treated. For example: You have a private water supply (well, borehole, spring, stream) You store water in tanks where contamination is possible. You’ve had bacteria issues such as E. coli, and coliforms. UV water filter vs other filtration systems Different water filtration methods do different jobs and solve different problems. It’s not a like for like comparison or a one size fits all when it comes to filtering water as each method complements another. Let’s look at the main water filtration methods and what they do and don’t remove. Contaminant UV System Reverse Osmosis (RO) Carbon Filter Sediment Filter Bacteria & Viruses ? X (not reliable alone) X X Parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium) ? X (not reliable alone) X X Chlorine (common in UK mains water) X ? ? X Bad taste/smell X ? ? X /? (slight) Heavy Metals (lead, copper) X ? X /? (limited) X Fluoride X ? X X PFAS X ? X /? (some reduction) X Limescale (hard water areas) X X /? reduces X X Sediment (rust / dirt) X ? ? (fine) ? (main job) Microplastics X ? ? (some) X /? (some) Chemicals / Pesticides X ? ? (some) X Best for Private water supplies or extra protection from bacteria Ultra clean drinking water Everyday tap water improvement As a pre-filter and/or protecting other systems A very simple way to think about it is: UV – kills germs only RO – removes almost everything Carbon – improves taste and removes chlorine Sediment – removes visible particles Effective water treatment typically integrates multiple methods for optimal results. Pros and cons of UV water systems UV water filters provide a dependable way to disinfect water without chemicals, requiring minimal upkeep, and effectively protecting against bacteria, viruses, and cysts. As with any water filtration system there are pros and cons: Theme Pro Con Disinfection Up to 99.99% effective against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, including chlorine-resistant Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Does not remove chemicals, heavy metals, or dissolved solids. Chemical-free Nothing is added to your water. No chlorine, no by-products, no taste impact. Cannot remove existing chemicals, pesticides, or VOCs already in the water. Water quality Preserves natural minerals and does not affect taste or smell. Less effective is water clarity is poor, turbidity blocks UV light. Maintenance Low running costs, comparable to a small household appliance. Annual lamp replacement is non-negotiable, not optional. Safety Environmentally friendly, no chemical waste or py-products. No visible warning if the lamp fails, an alarm is recommended. Installation Compact and straightforward to install. Must be paired with a sediment pre-filter to work effectively. Cost Long-term value with minimal consumable beyond the annual lamp change. Upfront cost higher than a basic filter alone. Power Designed for continuous 24/7 operation with minimal energy use. Requires a constant electricity supply, no power means no protection. Pros of UV water systems Cons of UV water systems How to choose the right UV system Selecting a UV water filter is about finding the best fit for your water quality, flow rate, and needs. Consider these essential factors. Flow rate and household size Flow rate determines how much water the ultraviolet water filter system can effectively treat. Small use (tap / single point): 12 l/pm or 22 l/pm Treats water at a single tap, usually for drinking and cooking. Whole house (typical UK home): 41 l/pm or 57 l/pm Treats all water entering the property, including showers and appliances. Larger homes / commercial: 79 l/pm UV dose (disinfection strength) The minimum dose of UV required for disinfection depends on several factors, including the susceptibility of microorganisms but is generally taken to be around +/- 40mJ/cm2. The clarity of water is usually expressed in terms of the amount of UV light that can pass – its ‘Ultraviolet Transmittance’ (UVT). Minimum UVT values, typically greater than 90-95%, are commonly specified by UV equipment manufacturers/suppliers. Water quality We’ve already touched on pre-filtration, but UV only works on clear water. This means your water should be clear of particles, dirt, rust, and turbidity. Any turbidity in your water supply will block the UV light and reduce its effectiveness. Pre-filtration is a critical step for households on a private water supply. Installation location The type of UV system you choose will be determined by where you’re going to install it. Application Best system type Kitchen tap Point of use (small UV system) Whole house Inline UV system Outdoor / travel Portable UV device Private water supply High output + pre-filtration Build quality and features Before purchasing a UV water filter system, it's essential to research your options. Choose a UV system with stainless steel construction, as these models handle higher temperatures effectively. If the water stops flowing while powered on, it may become hot. Systems made with plastic chambers are more susceptible to heat damage. Having a UV lamp failure alarm is helpful, as it notifies you when it's time to replace the UV lamp. Maintenance and running costs Looking after a UV water filter is simple, but it's important to replace the UV lamp on schedule. Changing the lamp regularly helps keep the water disinfection process effective. Running costs are generally low, with electricity usage comparable to a small household appliance. A typical UV system is designed for continuous operation. Most systems run 24/7 so 1 year is equal to 8,760 hours of runtime. That’s the rated lifespan for maintaining effective UV output, not total lamp failure. A typical maintenance schedule would look like this. Replace the UV lamp - it is recommended to replace the UV lamp at least every 12 months. This is not due to typical bulb burnout, but rather because the lamp gradually loses its effectiveness in disinfecting water. Although the lamp may continue to emit light, its UV-C intensity; the aspect responsible for eliminating germs diminishes over time. It is advisable to replace the quartz sleeve every few years. Over time, minerals and deposits may accumulate on the quartz sleeve that encloses the UV lamp, reducing its effectiveness by blocking UV light from penetrating the water. This issue is especially prevalent in areas with hard water. If your system includes pre-filtration, be sure to replace the sediment filters every 6 to 12 months. Keep in mind that a UV water filter operates most efficiently when the water is clear. It is important to prioritise safety over visibility. Unlike filters that may become blocked or chlorine which emits a detectable odour, a malfunctioning UV lamp provides no visible indication of failure. Without an alarm system installed on the unit, there are no clear warnings when disinfection is insufficient. So, annual replacement is a preventive safety measure. Can UV replace a standard water filter The following diagram shows why a UV water filter can’t replace a standard filter. When UV is the right solution A UV water filter is the right choice: When your primary concern is microbiological contamination. If you’re drawing water from a well, borehole, or any other untreated water source. The water is already clear and pre-filtered. You want a chemical free disinfection method. You have a reliable electricity supply. You need whole house protection. You want a low maintenance system. When used as part of a properly designed system, a UV water filter provides a powerful and reliable final barrier, helping ensure your water is not just clear, but truly safe to drink. Further reading: Guidance on the use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for the disinfection of public water supplies Decontamination Potential of Ultraviolet Type C Radiation in Water Treatment Systems: Targeting Microbial Inactivation FAQs Do UV water filters kill all bacteria and viruses UV systems disable bacteria, viruses, and protozoa by damaging their DNA, but do not remove them from water. Effectiveness relies on proper dose, flow rate, and water clarity. Does UV water filtration remove chlorine or chemicals UV treatment disinfects but does not remove chlorine, heavy metals, pesticides, or chemicals. For chemical removal, UV is typically combined with activated carbon or other filters. Do I need a UV filter if I have mains water in the UK Mains water in the UK is generally safe to drink without a UV system, but some people use one for extra assurance, especially with private sources or older plumbing. How often does a UV lamp need replacing Replace UV lamps annually to maintain effective disinfection, as their performance declines over time even if they still function. Can UV water systems work with hard water UV systems can treat hard water, but scale on the quartz sleeve lowers effectiveness. Regular cleaning or using a pre-filter or water softener maintains performance. Is UV water treatment safe for drinking water UV treatment is a safe, popular method for disinfecting drinking water. It adds no chemicals or taste, provided the system is installed and maintained correctly. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 tap water contaminants explained
Understanding contaminants in tap water When you turn on the tap, do you ever stop to wonder what is in your tap water, or where your water has come from? Tap water contaminants in public water supplies are becoming an increasingly talked about topic. It doesn’t help that there are a lot of scare stories out there on the internet. This coupled with the use of the word ‘contaminant’ strikes fear in people across the UK. But let’s be very clear. Tap water in the UK is highly regulated with standards being set by the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) with clear guidance from the World Health Organisation (WHO). While we believe it’s beneficial to empower yourself with knowledge, we don’t expect you to read the legislation as it can be heavy going but tap water contamination shouldn’t be something that scares you. Maximum permissible limits are set for microbiological, chemical, and metals contamination, with the point of compliance being at either the water treatment works or consumers taps. The drinking water standards state that drinking water must be ‘wholesome’ and should not contain anything that might endanger human health. In simple terms, wholesome means anything that affects the look, smell or taste of the water making is unacceptable to drink. We’ll highlight the most common contaminants in tap water shortly and reinforce our message as water filtration experts, that if you don’t want tap water contaminants in your drinking water you can filter them out. Key Points UK tap water is highly regulated, with limits set by the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) and guidance from the WHO; overall quality is excellent. A list of possible contaminants doesn’t mean your water is contaminated; it simply shows what is monitored and capped by law. Common contaminants fall into categories: metals (lead, copper), microbiological, taste & odour (chlorine, iron), naturally occurring (hardness, fluoride), disinfection by-products, and emerging contaminants. Most contamination is human-caused (wastewater, industrial pollution, agriculture), though nature contributes too via erosion, organic matter, and algal blooms. Emerging contaminants like PFAS (“forever chemicals”) and microplastics are increasingly being detected, but both can be removed by home filtration. You can check your area’s water quality report on your supplier’s website, and filter out anything you’d rather not drink. Table of contents Most common types of drinking water contaminants Sources of water contamination: human and natural causes The impact of emerging contaminants on water quality Tap water safety: why it matters Our top 5 tips for fresher tap water How Fountain Filters can help you FAQs Most common types of drinking water contaminants It is vital to human health that we can access clean, safe drinking water in the UK. 16 billion litres of water per day is treated and supplied to taps across the UK. The quality of public water supplies in the UK is generally very high. If you consider that in 2024, a population of 58.82M were supplied with water via 321,866 kms of pipe. It’s no mean feat to keep tap water contaminants to a minimum. As the UK sources drinking water from rivers, aquifers, and reservoirs it must be treated to remove contaminants so that is looks, tastes and smells as best it can. Water treatment on this scale is a complex and challenging task involving multiple stages of filtration to remove chemicals, bacteria, viruses and pathogens. Contaminated tap water MAY contain any of the following common tap water contaminants. A word of warning here, just because there’s a list here doesn’t mean you have contaminated tap water. The overall quality of UK tap water is excellent. And remember, you can access a water quality report for drinking water in your area by visiting your water suppliers website. Or, you can have your water independently tested. Category Contaminant UK legal limit Metals Lead: A risk in pre-1970 properties that have lead pipes or lead soldering. 10 µg/L Copper: Can leach from copper pipes. 2 mg/L Microbiological E. coli, Coliforms, Cryptosporidium Very rare occurrences in UK tap water. Any failures trigger immediate investigation and remedial action. 0 per 100ml Taste & Odour Chlorine: UK mains water is treated with small amounts of chlorine to keep it disinfected and stop harmful organisms growing in it. Can affect taste / odour of drinking water. No statutory limit but typical range is between 0.2-0.5 mg/L Chloramine: In some UK supplies a small amount of ammonia is added to water to disinfect it. No statutory limit but resulting nitrite maximim is 0.5 mg/L Iron: Can cause discolouration if water passes through corroded cast iron pipes. 200 µg/L Manganese: sometimes occurs in distribution networks. 50 µg/L Naturally occurring Calcium & Magnesium: the hard water minerals Can be aesthetically annoying but no health limits. Fluoride: Naturally occurring in all water sources. Only 10% of the population in England has fluoride added to household water. 1.5 mg/L Disinfection by-products Trihalomethanes (THMs): formed when chlorine (or other disinfectants) react with organic matter in the source water. 100 µg/L (total of 4 THMs) Industrial / Emerging contaminants PFAS: trace levels are being found in many UK tap water supplies. 100 ng/L (0.1 µg/L, UK guideline for sum of PFAS20) Microplastics: defined as plastics smaller than 5 mm. From plastic pollution and improper waste management. No specific legal limit µg – micrograms or one part per billion = one drop in an Olympic sized swimming pool. mg – milligrams or one part per million = one drop in 100 litres Further reading from Fountain Filters, the water filtration experts: Lead Fluoride PFAS / Forever Chemicals Hard water Microplastics Sources of water contamination: human and natural causes Would you believe that people are mostly responsible for contaminated tap water. Human contamination in the form of industrial pollution, agricultural processes and domestic households all contribute to the presence of substances in tap water across the UK. Not all these substances will present themselves as tap water contaminants. Water treatment plants across the UK work tirelessly to ensure that drinking water is potable. However, that’s not to say that sometimes trace amounts could be present. Let’s look at the main human sources of water contamination in the UK. Wastewater and sewage Sewage and wastewater may contaminate water. For example, if a wastewater treatment plant malfunctions or sewers overflow after a bout of heavy rain, untreated sewage can enter rivers and seas. And think about what we’re putting down our plugholes at home; detergent, oil, pharmaceuticals, microplastics. Our domestic wastewater may contribute to tap water contamination. Industrial pollution Industrial discharges, spills and leaks have the potential to introduce chemicals in tap water. This includes any discharges from legacy industries including closed mines. Although it’s heavily regulated in the UK, there is always the possibility that substances such as solvents, heavy metals, oil or other toxic substances could contaminate tap water. Agricultural processes The use of fertilisers and pesticides in agricultural processes can run off into groundwater and rivers. Bacterial contamination such as E. coli from slurry and animal faeces could be present in water supplies. E. coli in tap water is rare, and as the UK legal limit is 0 per 100ml any occurrence is investigated immediately. Natural causes of water contamination in the UK Nature also plays a part in tap water contamination. Extreme weather events, natural minerals, animal waste, organic matter and erosion can impact the quality of water across the UK. Contamination from natural sources in the UK falls into seven categories. Nutrients – erosion releases nutrients from soils and rocks into water. Microbial pollution – from wildlife waste such as birds, deer and fish. Sediments – soil enters rivers after rain, flooding, drought, and landslides. Chemicals/Metals – rocks and soil leach metals into the water. Organic matter – plants, peat, and leaves all decay and enter water sources. Salinity – saltwater intrusion into the groundwater in coastal areas. Algal blooms – warm sunny weather encourages natural algae growth in water. The impact of emerging contaminants on water quality Emerging contaminants are substances found in water that haven’t been monitored in the past but are being recognised and monitored now. PFAS (forever chemicals) and microplastics, two high-profile contaminants have been found in rivers and groundwater in the UK, and subsequently as tap water contaminants. They both pose a potential risk to human health and the ecosystem, as well as the cost of treating UK tap water and the resulting pressure on the relevant authorities to legislate on permissible levels. PFAS (Forever Chemicals) PFAS or forever chemicals are they are often referred to are having a negative impact on the public water supply in the UK. PFAS stands for Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and they come from non-stick coatings on cookware, stain resistant fabrics, food packaging, plastic bottles, firefighting foams and industrial coating. They DO NOT break down naturally and are therefore present as chemicals in tap water. Despite what you may read on the internet, you can remove PFAS in water relatively easily and cheaply. Microplastics When items we use every day such as synthetic clothing or plastic litter breakdown they create microplastics. Microplastics are pieces of plastic 5mm or smaller, or 5 micron or smaller. It’s unlikely that you’ll be able to see microplastics in your tap water without the aid of a microscope, but they will probably be in there. UK tap water supplies are seeing a relatively small problem with microplastics because of our failure to dispose of plastic waste properly. On a global scale we’re still in the infancy of determining how much of a problem we have with microplastics in tap water and bottled water, but we know it’s there just based on the limited studies that have been done. As experts in water filtration, we know that microplastics can be removed from your tap water. If you’re keen to do more reading, this is an interesting paper. It’s the “first comprehensive study of the occurrence, concentrations, size distribution, shape, and polymer type of microplastics in 177 tap water samples from 13 cities in the UK, as well as 85 samples of bottled water from 17 popular brands, with various packaging materials, on the UK market.” Tap Water Safety: Why It Matters ???? The UK has some of the safest tap water in the world, but regular checks are essential. Here’s why: ✅ Protects Health – Prevents bugs like E. coli and harmful chemicals from making people ill. ✅ Spots New Threats – Detects things like PFAS “forever chemicals” and microplastics. ✅ Checks Old Pipes – Finds problems where ageing pipes may release metals. ✅ Guards Against Pollution – Keeps sewage spills and agricultural runoff out of our drinking water. ✅ Manages Climate Risks – Helps deal with floods, droughts, and heatwaves. ✅ Builds Trust – Annual water quality reports keep everything transparent. Safe water doesn’t happen by accident — it takes constant monitoring. Our top 5 tips for fresher tap water Reducing your exposure to tap water contaminants doesn’t have to be complex or expensive. You might find some of the following tips useful. Check your water - Ignore the scaremongering posts on the internet, take responsibility and look up the water quality report for your area which you’ll find on your supplier’s website. Fix chlorine taste - Removing chlorine from tap water is a useful first step to reducing tap water contaminants. It will certainly improve the taste and smell of your water. Watch for old pipes - If your home was built before the 1970s, use a lead-removal filter or ask about replacing pipes. Tackle hard water - Consider installing a water softener or salt free conditioner to reduce limescale if you’re in a hard water area. It will save your sanity and protect your household appliances. Choose the right filter by chatting to a water filtration expert - Yes, it’s amazing how many people end up buying a water filter that isn’t fit for purpose or is simply too complex for the job at hand. Talking to a water filtration expert like us will save you time and unnecessary expense. How Fountain Filters can help you When it comes to tap water contaminants Fountain Filters has you covered. We provide clear, concise and honest advice whether you call us 01352 838 281, send a message via our helpdesk, or visit our website. Contact us today. FAQs What are the most common contaminants found in tap water? The most common tap water contaminants found in UK tap water today are chlorine, PFAS, microplastics, and lead. What's in tap water in the UK? UK tap water varies across the UK and contains primarily chlorine to keep it safe, calcium and magnesium (hardness minerals). Water may also contain heavy metals, nitrates, pesticides, microplastics and PFAS (forever chemicals). Does boiling water remove chlorine? Yes, boiling water does remove chlorine but it’s not as simple as filtering chlorine from your tap water. It takes approximately 4 minutes to remove 1mg of chlorine from 45 litres of water, so you’d need to know how much chlorine was in your water to determine how long to boil it. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 What is reverse osmosis and how it works
What is reverse osmosis and how does it work? Reverse osmosis technology uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove up to 99% of contaminants found in water. The membrane acts as a barrier and only pure water molecules can pass through, leaving contaminants behind. Reverse osmosis is a tried and tested way to ensure you have access to clean and pure drinking water. While reverse osmosis systems can be a powerful and beneficial water purification method to remove impurities, contaminants and potentially harmful bacteria it’s only suitable for very specific requirements such as: Managing health conditions where medical advice is to remove as much from the water as possible. Tropical fish tanks. Where there is no other way of accessing potable water such as private water supplies. Reducing elevated sodium levels in softened water. This article explores what reverse osmosis is, how it works and why reverse osmosis may or may not be the right choice for your circumstances. So, what is reverse osmosis and how does reverse osmosis work? Key Points Reverse osmosis (RO) forces water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing up to 99% of dissolved salts, heavy metals, and other contaminants. A full RO system works in stages: sediment and carbon pre-filtration, the membrane, then a carbon post-filter (sometimes with a remineralisation stage). RO wastes more water than it produces, removes beneficial minerals, and is best suited to point-of-use rather than whole-house filtration. Water pressure matters: below 3 bar you’ll need a pumped system; 3 bar or above can run unpumped. Replace pre- and post-filter cartridges at least every 12 months and the membrane every 2–3 years for reliable performance. RO is ideal for maximum purification, aquariums, and medical needs, but a carbon filter is often enough if you only want to improve taste and remove chlorine. Table of contents Understanding reverse osmosis: what it is and how it functions The key stages of the reverse osmosis filtration process What impurities does reverse osmosis remove from water? Benefits and drawbacks of reverse osmosis filtration How reverse osmosis compares to other water filtration methods Practical uses of reverse osmosis in homes and businesses Lifespan and replacement schedule for reverse osmosis filters Maintenance tips for efficient reverse osmosis performance Is reverse osmosis the right choice for your water needs? How Fountain Filters can help you with reverse osmosis systems FAQs Understanding reverse osmosis: what it is and how it functions At the heart of any reverse osmosis water filter is the semi-permeable membrane. (add image) Before water reaches the all-important membrane, it flows through pre-filtration where spun polypropylene or pleated sediment cartridges capture larger particles that may be present in the water such as dirt and rust. This helps protect the membrane from clogging and damage and is a crucial step in any reverse osmosis system. Water then passes through a 5 micron carbon filter cartridge which removes chlorine and other chemicals. Removing these further protects the reverse osmosis membrane. Chlorine can be highly damaging to the thin film composite (TFC) membranes commonly used in reverse osmosis systems. The taste and smell of the water is improved when carbon block filtration is used. And then it’s time for the semi-permeable reverse osmosis membrane to work it’s magic. Water is pushed through the membrane, which acts as a barrier, allowing only water molecules to pass while rejecting contaminants. The membrane is designed to remove up to 99% of dissolved salts, heavy metals, and other impurities. Water pressure plays a key role in the membrane, as it forces water molecules through the tiny pores of the membrane while leaving contaminants behind. The purified water is then stored in a holding tank, ready for use, while the rejected contaminants are flushed away as wastewater. *TOP TIP* The general rule of thumb is that if your water pressure is below 3 bar, you’ll need a pumped reverse osmosis water filter. If your water pressure is 3 bar or above, you can choose an unpumped reverse osmosis system. Finally, water passes through reverse osmosis post-filtration using an inline carbon filter. This is often described as a polishing stage to ensure that the water coming out of your tap is as crisp and as clean as possible. Some reverse osmosis systems have a 6th remineralisation stage which re-introduces important minerals back into the water such as calcium carbonate. The key stages of the reverse osmosis filtration process Reverse osmosis technology comprises of three main stages. Pre-filtration: the removal of particles, dirt, rust, sediment, chlorine and chemicals. Membrane: separates dissolved solids, salt and other impurities from water. Post-filtration: the polishing stage where the taste and odour of the water is further improved. Some reverse osmosis water filters also have a remineralisation cartridge which adds calcium carbonate back into the water. It’s important to talk about the wastewater, highlighted on the above image as ‘impurities out to drain’. All the contaminants, which do not pass through the semi-permeable membrane go down the drain. Yes, you’re literally throwing water away! A reverse osmosis water filter wastes more water than the amount of clean water produced. What impurities does reverse osmosis remove from water? A reverse osmosis water filter is highly effective at removing many impurities that may be present in water such as those found in the table below. Category Examples of impurities removed by RO Dissolved Solids (TDS) Minerals: Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium Salts: Chloride, Sulphates, Nitrates Organic matter: plant or animal matter Heavy Metals Lead, Arsenic, Copper, Manganese, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium Chlorine & Chloramines Chlorine, Chloramines Pesticides & Herbicides Agricultural chemicals (weed killers, pest control agents) Bacteria & Viruses Bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cholera, Legionella Viruses: Norovirus, Rotavirus, Hepatitis A, Adenovirus, Enteroviruses Fluoride Naturally occurring mineral or artificially added to water in areas of England that have a water fluoridation scheme. Pharmaceutical residues Hormones, Anti-biotics Asbestos Asbestos fibres from asbestos cement pipes, landfills containing asbestos waste, industrial waste, demolished buildings. Forever Chemicals Persistent “forever chemicals” used in manufacturing and consumer products. Particulate Matter Sediment, silt & other suspended solids Radiological Elements Radium, Uranium Microplastics Plastic particles from household and environmental sources. You can enjoy further reading below about some of the contaminants we’ve mentioned in the table above. Water Fluoridation in the UK How to remove fluoride in UK water How to remove forever chemicals in UK tap water How to filter microplastics from water There is no 100% removal with any water filtration method. For example, reverse osmosis systems don’t remove the chemical element boron, so if boron is present in your water you may end up with an artificially increased boron level. Benefits and drawbacks of reverse osmosis filtration How does reverse osmosis work in terms of its benefits and drawbacks? Because a reverse osmosis removes up to 99% of contaminants in water, let’s look at some of the benefits. Pros Cons Removes up to 99% of contaminants. Wastes more water than it produces. Not suitable for whole house. Produces clean and safe water that tastes and smells good. Removes healthy minerals resulting in bland tasting water. Reduces the need for bottled water. Higher upfront cost than other water filters. Useful for certain health conditions and aquariums. Needs regular cartridge/membrane changes. Effective as a final purification stage after other filtration methods. Takes up valuable under-sink space. How reverse osmosis compares to other water filtration methods Reverse osmosis is a bit of an ‘eliminate everything’ approach to water filtration and we can see why many people think it’s an effective way to filter tap water. But if you’ve perused the drawbacks above, you’ll probably be considering if reverse osmosis is overkill and what other water filtration methods there are that you could consider. It all boils down to what you want to change about your water. This is one of the first questions we ask people when they get in touch with us. This table helps compare reverse osmosis to other water filtration methods. Filtration Method What it removes Cost range Maintenance Best suited for Reverse Osmosis (RO) Dissolved salts, heavy metals, fluoride, PFAS, microplastics, pesticides, bacteria & viruses (with pre / post stage) Upfront cost £300+ Replacement cartridges from £75 for a 5 stage system. Cartridge change every 6-12 months. Membrane change every 2-3 years. Maximum purification, aquariums, medical/food uses. Activated Carbon Chlorine, Pesticides, herbicides, trace pharmaceuticals, PFAS, hormones, particulate lead, and more. Basic system including tap from £100. Replacement cartridges vary in price depending on system. Cartridge changes every 6-12 months. Suitable for multiple filtration problems. Improves taste and smell of drinking water. Ultraviolet (UV) Filtration Kills bacteria, viruses, protozoa. Systems from £400 UV lamp must be changed every 12 months. Quartz sleeve change every 3 years (depending on condition) Private water supplies (wells, boreholes, springs). Ion Exchange (Water Softener) Hard water minerals (calcium, magnesium), iron, manganese. Systems from £700 Regular salt refills, resin top-ups. Households in hard water areas wanting limescale reduction. Private water supplies with high iron/manganese. Ceramic Filters Bacteria, cysts, moulds, sediment. From £100. Replace cartridges every 6-12 months. Off-grid setups, emergency filtration. Distillation Heavy metals, salts, bacteria, parasites, viruses. From £100 for countertop units. Regular descaling. Small scale laboratory, or emergency use. Conditioners Scale and chemical treatment. Systems from £100. Media cartridge renewals every 6-12 months. Domestic water. Surface / Depth Particles, metals, sediment, colloids. Systems from £80. Cartridge renewals every 6-12 months. All water applications. There is no denying that reverse osmosis water has gone through a comprehensive purification process, but is it right for you? We’ll look at this in more detail later. Practical uses of reverse osmosis in homes and businesses Reverse osmosis systems can be installed in homes and across a wide range of industries and sectors in a commercial set up. Reverse Osmosis – in homes? A reverse osmosis system is normally installed under the kitchen sink as a point of use system. Other locations for a reverse osmosis water filter could be under a bathroom sink, to a refrigerator, in a garage, or basement. Additionally, a reverse osmosis water filter is often installed on a fish tank as it helps control the balance of minerals present in the water. Some fish are very particular about the water they live in. If you’re looking for a whole house water filter, then we wouldn’t normally recommend installing a reverse osmosis system as it wouldn’t provide a good enough flow rate. In this instance it would be better to treat your water using one of the alternative water filtration methods mentioned above and install a reverse osmosis water filter at point of use. Chatting to a water filtration specialist would ensure you get a system that’s fit for purpose. Reverse Osmosis – in commercial settings? Reverse osmosis water filtration is also used in commercial and industrial settings. Food and beverage – reverse osmosis systems help maintain consistent water quality. This ensures the quality and safety of products. Food processing – produce can be soaked and rinsed in reverse osmosis water to ensure it is free of contaminants. Medical & Pharmaceutical – purified water is used for sterilisation of equipment in hospitals and clinics, dialysis machines, and in scientific laboratories where testing equipment needs to be free on any impurities that may impact on results. Water treatment & purification – in large industrial settings such as power plants, metal finishing, and semi-conductor manufacturing; reverse osmosis is used to produce purified water for cooling and steam generation and reduce limescale build-up that will eventually corrode equipment. Reverse osmosis also helps recover and recycle water in water treatment plants. Lifespan and replacement schedule for reverse osmosis filters Water quality across the country varies, as does water usage and this will have an impact on the lifespan and replacement of reverse osmosis filter cartridges. As a rule of thumb, the filters in a reverse osmosis water filter should be changed as follows: Pre-filtration cartridges: the spun polypropylene (melt blown) or pleated cartridge and the carbon block cartridge should be changed a minimum of every 12 months. These cartridges are responsible for the removal of particles, dirt, rust, sediment, chlorine and chemicals. Membrane: the semi-permeable membrane should be changed every 2-3 years. This cartridge separates dissolved solids, salt and other impurities from the water. Post-filtration: the inline carbon cartridge and remineralisation cartridge (if there is one) should be changed a minimum of every 12 months. These cartridges further improve the taste and odour of the water and if remineralising, calcium carbonate is added back into the water. Replacement cartridges for reverse osmosis systems are normally sold in packs which means you get everything you need in one go. Maintenance tips for efficient reverse osmosis performance Here are our top two maintenance tips for your reverse osmosis system. Tip One – Change the cartridges It goes without saying but the first maintenance tip for ensuring your reverse osmosis system is running efficiently and effectively is to replace the cartridges when you need to. If you don’t do this the performance of your system over time will diminish. For example, you may notice a drop in water flow, or a change in the taste and smell of you water. We encourage you to make a note in your diary or set a reminder on your phone, so you don’t forget. Our customers love that we send them a cartridge reminder email every six months. Tip Two – Sanitise your system You should also sanitise your system by cleaning out the filter housings every now and again to prevent mould and bacterial growth. We recommend you use something like Milton Sterilising Fluid to do this. If it’s good enough for babies bottles, it’s good enough for your reverse osmosis water filter. This process involves disassembling the system, cleaning each component, and rinsing thoroughly before reassembly. Be sure to read the detailed instructions in the systems instruction manual! Is reverse osmosis the right choice for your water needs? There are several factors to consider when determining if purchasing a reverse osmosis water filter is going to be right for you. Or, whether another type of water filtration system is going to work just as well. Reverse osmosis may be right for you if: You need to remove a broad range of contaminants in one go. For example, heavy metals, fluoride, PFAS, bacteria, microplastics. You have specific health requirements or a weakened immune system and need the purest drinking water possible. You keep tropical fish or have an aquarium that needs controlled water quality. You’re on a private water supply (well, spring, or borehole) where other filtration methods alone aren’t enough. You already use a water softener and want to reduce sodium levels in your drinking water. You want an alternative to buying bottled water for taste, safety, and environmental reasons. Reverse osmosis may not be the best option if: You only want to improve taste and remove chlorine. A carbon filter would be sufficient for this. Water scarcity is a concern, as RO systems waste more water than they produce. You prefer mineral-rich, naturally balanced drinking water. You want a whole house solution. RO is usually recommended for point-of-use, not entire households. You’re looking for the cheapest or simplest water filtration option. How Fountain Filters can help you with Reverse Osmosis systems At Fountain Filters we are passionate about equipping you with useful information when it comes to water filtration methods. We hope that this article has helped you understand reverse osmosis; what it is and how it works. If you believe that installing a reverse osmosis system is going to be the best system for you, but you have questions; please chat your project through with us as we are expert problem solvers when it comes to water filtration. Contacting us is easy, either by calling us on 01352 838 281 or sending us a message via our contact page. FAQs What is the point of reverse osmosis water? The point of reverse osmosis water is the ability to remove a high percentage of contaminants from drinking water. Is it healthy to drink reverse osmosis water? It’s safe to drink reverse osmosis water but as to it being healthy or natural; that’s open to debate. Removing good minerals such as calcium and magnesium may not make the water as healthy as unfiltered tap water. Reverse osmosis water is often not the only option when it comes to water filtration. What is the disadvantage of reverse osmosis water? Some disadvantages of reverse osmosis water include the bland taste of the water and that the process wastes more water than is produced. It’s important to learn about the reverse osmosis process before determining if installing a reverse osmosis system is going to be right for you. Is reverse osmosis water the same as distilled water? No, reverse osmosis water is not the same as distilled water. The two methods are entirely different. Both methods remove a high percentage of contaminants, but distillation involves boiling the water to create steam and then turning it back into liquid. Reverse osmosis does not. Can I use reverse osmosis water for coffee/tea? No, reverse osmosis water is not recommended for brewing coffee or tea. The lack of minerals in reverse osmosis water can give hot drinks a bland taste with no depth of flavour. Is reverse osmosis water good for plants? Yes, reverse osmosis water can be good for plants, but depending on the type of plant you may need to ensure you are feeding your plants at regular intervals with nutrients to ensure healthy growth. Reverse osmosis vs bottled water: which is better? From an environmental, cost and health perspective reverse osmosis water is better than bottled water. Bottled water should only be bought and consumed if you have no other options available. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 How to Install a Water Softener
How to install a water softener: a complete guide Our complete guide to installing a water softener will help you take practical steps towards transforming your home's water quality, from selecting the correct water softener system to the actual installation process. Hard water is a common problem in many UK households, and it can be difficult to treat. Limescale, the noticeable sign of hard water appears on fixtures, taps, glassware, and shower heads. It can scale up pipes and decrease water flow, damaging your plumbing system. Limescale makes cleaning difficult and frustrating, and it reduces the lifespan of your household appliances. Don't let the effects of hard water in your home irritate you any longer. Let Fountain Filters break down how to transform your household's water from hard to soft with a water softener today. Key Points The two main types are ion-exchange softeners (which swap calcium and magnesium for sodium using salt) and salt-free conditioners (which neutralise hardness minerals without salt or wastewater). Install the unit as close as possible to where the mains water enters your home, with adequate space, easy access, and protection from frost and direct sunlight. Ion-exchange softeners need a drain for the discharge line and an electricity supply; cabinet (built-in brine tank) models are simpler to fit where space is tight. Always include a bypass valve, use the correct pipe fittings, and check every connection for leaks before fully restoring the water supply. Sizing matters: a softener that regenerates too often is too small, while one that rarely regenerates is too big for your household. Ongoing maintenance means topping up salt, cleaning the brine tank to prevent salt bridges, and budgeting from around £500 upwards plus any professional installation costs. Table of contents Types of water softeners Tools and materials required for installation Selecting the ideal location for your water softener Steps for installing a water softener Common installation issues and how to fix them Maintenance tips to keep your water softener working efficiently How much does it cost to install a water softener? How Fountain Filters can help you FAQs Types of water softeners Before we go into detail about water softener installation it's important to introduce the two most common types of water softener available. These are ion-exchange water softeners and salt-free water conditioners. Ion-exchange water softeners Ion-exchange water softeners remove the hardness minerals (calcium and magnesium) from water, replacing them with sodium ions. The ion exchange process works in a resin tank, and the system periodically regenerates by flushing the resin with a brine solution. Ion-exchange water softeners require regular maintenance and the addition of water softener salt. Salt-free water softeners A salt-free water softener alters the chemical structure of the calcium and magnesium to prevent them from sticking to household surfaces. These systems use template-assisted crystallisation to neutralise the hardness minerals, making it easier for them to flow through plumbing without causing hard scale build-up. Salt-free systems are becoming increasingly popular because they are low-maintenance and environmentally friendly. No salt is needed, and no wastewater is produced. For the purposes of this water softener installation guide, we're going to concentrate solely on ion-exchange water softeners. Tools and materials required for installation There are some necessary tools and materials required for water softener installation. Most people choose to employ the skills of a local plumber, so don't worry if you don't have everything required for installing a water softener. The specific tools and materials you'll need will vary depending on the type of water softener you choose to install. A water softener system that is appropriately sized for your home. An ion-exchange water softener will normally contain a resin tank, brine tank and control valve. Plumbing supplies such as copper or plastic piping, pipe cutters, wrenches, PTFE tape, and fittings. You may need a torch and soldering equipment if you have copper pipes, or primer and solvent cement if you have plastic pipes. Selecting the ideal location for your water softener Whichever type of water softener you choose, the question of where to install a water softener in your home is going to arise. There are a few prerequisites about where to install a water softener: Adequate flow rate - at least 20 l/pm for a whole house system. Sufficient space. Easy access. Ion-exchange water softeners need access to a drain which could be a floor drain or utility room sink. Ion-exchange water softeners need an electricity supply. Realistically, you'll probably be installing a water softener in an under-sink kitchen cupboard, utility room, cellar, or in your garage. The general rule of thumb is that the water softener needs to be installed as close as possible to the entry point for water coming into your home. That means you'll have plenty of space to work, but also easy access for water softener salt to be added, and any maintenance that needs to be done. However, installing a water softener in the UK often means that the water supply comes in under the kitchen sink where there’s not much room. In that instance, you may need to put a loop from the incoming water pipe, through the under-sink cupboard walls, and into a space that’s bigger. You then take the softener outlet pipe back to join up with the main water pipe again. It’s also possible to punch through the kitchen external wall and install the water softener outside. However, it will need to be protected from frost and sunlight to ensure it doesn’t get damaged. You can do that by boxing it in, suitably lagged, in a small enclosure like a garden storage enclosure. As people prefer not to drink softened water, you can fit a dedicated cold water supply up to the kitchen tap so the softened water isn't dispensed from there. Steps for installing a water softener Installing a water softener can seem like a daunting task, but with the right guidance and preparation it's a project that many homeowners can tackle themselves. We're going to share step-by-step instructions for two different types of salt-based water softeners; one with a separate brine tank and one with a built-in brine tank. Water softener installation for a salt-based water softener with a separate brine tank Step 1: Choose the installation location Select a suitable location for your water softener, typically near the main water supply line and close to a drain for the discharge line. Ensure there is adequate space for the unit and easy access for maintenance. It’s also important to choose a location that is protected from extreme temperatures and direct sunlight. Step 2: Turn off the water supply Before you begin any plumbing work, shut off the main water supply to your home. Open both the hot and cold tap to relieve the pressure in the pipes and drain any remaining water. This will prevent water from flowing while you work on the installation. Step 3: Install the bypass valve Most water softeners come with a bypass valve that allows you to easily divert water around the unit for maintenance or repair. Attach the bypass valve to the control valve on the water softener, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Secure the connections with PTFE tape to prevent leaks. Step 4: Connect the water inlet and outlet pipes Using the appropriate fittings and piping, connect the inlet and outlet pipes to the bypass valve. The inlet pipe carries hard water into the water softener, while the outlet pipe carries softened water to your home’s plumbing system. Ensure all connections are secure to prevent leaks. Step 5: Set up the drain line Connect a drain hose or tubing to the water softener’s discharge line and route it to a suitable drain or standpipe. The drain line should have a downward slope and be securely fastened to prevent dislodging. Step 6: Install the brine tank Position the brine tank next to the resin tank and connect the brine line to the control valve. Fill the brine tank with water and add the appropriate amount of water softener salt. The brine tank is responsible for regenerating the resin beads in the water softener and should be refilled regularly to maintain effectiveness. Step 7: Turn on the water supply and test With all connections secure, carefully turn on the main water supply and check for leaks. Open the bypass valve to allow water to flow through the system and flush any air or debris from the pipes. Plug the control unit to its electricity supply and switch it on. Follow the start up guide in the water softener installation instructions which will include setting the backwash timer. Step 8: Initiate a back wash cycle This will help clear out any residual air and allow the resin beads to settle in. Remember to check all the connections for leaks and open the water supply isolator fully. Water softener installation for a salt-based cabinet water softener Cabinet softeners are simpler to install because they don’t have a separate brine tank. This makes them more suitable where there’s limited space, although they may have limited flow rate. Step 1: Turn off the water supply Turn off the mains water supply and drain the pipes by opening the hot and cold kitchen taps. Step 2: Cut a section out of your mains water pipe Following the water softener installation instructions that came with your water softener system cut an appropriate section out of the main water pipe using a copper pipe cutter or PVC cutter. It’s important to use the right tool to ensure a clean cut. Step 3: Connect the water inlet and outlet pipes Connect the water inlet and outlet pipes to the correct side – you may need to have obtained rigid or flexible pipes to do this. These are likely to have 22mm or 15mm compression or speed fit connectors. Ensure you have the correct sizes for your pipes and the connectors for the water softener ports. Step 4: Set up the drain line Connect the tubes to the drain and overflow if it has one. This is for the waste brine that’s generated during the backwash cycle. Step 5: Add salt to the internal brine tank Usually about half full. Add 5 to 10 litres of water into the brine well. Then plug in the control unit to its electricity supply, switch it on and press the “regen” button. Leave it for 2 to 3 hours. Step 6: Set timer and switch the water softener on Set the timer or meter on, and when the ‘regen cycle’ has completed slowly turn the water back on. Check for leaks on all the new pipes and connections. Common installation issues and how to fix them There are a few common mistakes that people are prone to making when it comes to installing a water softener. Choosing the incorrect water softener capacity – each water softener has a capacity before a ‘regeneration’ is needed. Regeneration is where the resin inside the water softener is cleaned, refreshing its capacity and ability to soften water. If water ‘regenerates’ too often the system is too small for your home. If regeneration is infrequent, it’s too big. Choosing an inappropriate place to install your water softener - It’s important to choose a location that is easily accessible so that you can carry out maintenance easily. For ion-exchange water softeners the system needs to be located close to a drain for the discharge line. Installing a water softener in an area prone to freezing temperatures or direct sunlight – freezing temperatures and direct sunlight can damage a water softener and reduce its efficiency. You must ensure your water softener is sited in a space with proper ventilation and protected from direct sunlight. Using incorrect plumbing connections - it’s essential that you follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully and use the appropriate fittings and materials for your specific setup. Failing to secure connections tightly or using incompatible materials can lead to leaks and water damage. Missing out the bypass valve - not installing a bypass valve can make maintenance and repairs more difficult, so be sure to include one in your installation. Maintenance tips to keep your water softener working efficiently If you are going to invest in a water softener you are also investing ongoing time (or somebody else’s time!) in regular maintenance to ensure your water softener system is operating efficiently and effectively. Taking care of your water softener will extend the lifespan of your system and prevention is better than cure when it comes to common issues arising. Some of the most important maintenance tasks are: Regularly checking and replenishing the water softener salt in the brine tank. How often you do this will depend on your water usage and the hardness of your water, but it’s generally recommended to check the levels at least once a month. Keeping the brine tank adequately filled ensures that the resin beads in the water softener can regenerate properly and continue to remove calcium and magnesium (the hardness minerals) from your water. Cleaning the brine tank periodically to prevent the buildup of salt bridges and sludge. A salt bridge is a hard crust that forms in the brine tank and can prevent the salt from dissolving properly. To clean the brine tank, turn off the water supply, empty the tank, and remove any residue buildup. Rinse the tank thoroughly before refilling it with fresh water and salt. This maintenance task should be done at least once a year or more frequently if you notice any issues with the system’s performance. Taking an interest in and understanding your water softener system by looking out for any signs of wear or damage. Check the control valve, resin tank, and plumbing connections for leaks or other issues. If you notice any problems, address them quickly to prevent further damage and ensure the continued effectiveness of your water softener. Regular maintenance and timely repairs can help you get the most out of your investment and enjoy the benefits of softened water for years to come. Even with regular maintenance, you may encounter occasional issues with your water softener. We've written a handy article called 'troubleshooting common water softener issues' which guides you through common water softener problems and how to fix them. How much does it cost to install a water softener? Investing in and installing a water softener involves several cost considerations, from the initial purchase and installation to ongoing maintenance and operation. Understanding these costs can help you budget effectively and make an informed decision about the best water softener system for your home. The initial cost of a water softener can vary widely depending on the type and capacity of the system but think £500 upwards. Then you’ve got the professional installation costs, which will be heavily influenced by the availability of plumbers in your local area and the complexity of the installation. You must weigh up all these upfront costs versus the long-term benefits that a water softener can give you. How Fountain Filters can help you As experts in water filtration we hope you’ve found this guide useful. You now have some knowledge and confidence about installing a water softener. We are here to help guide you through the process of determining if a water softener is the right product to install in your home. If a water softener turns out to be the best option, then we can supply the system and deliver it to you free of charge to any UK address. We're also on hand to help with any issues that arise both during the installation and afterwards. We're renowned for our high level of customer service and won't ever leave you in the lurch. Contacting us is easy, either by calling us on 01352 838 281, or sending us a message through our contact page. FAQs Can I install a water softener myself? Water softener installation is not usually something that many DIYers would consider and, realistically, it is something for the more confident person. If you have any doubts about cutting into your mains water supply, which will be required for any water softener installation, then we really do recommend contacting a local plumber. Does a water softener use a lot of electricity? No, water softeners are like small household appliances, using minimal power. Are water softeners worth it in the UK? If you’re fortunate to live in an area that doesn’t have hard water, then you don’t need to install a softener. If you do have hard water, you’ll know about it because you’ll almost certainly be sick of scale build up on your taps. How much does it cost to install a water softener in the UK? The initial cost of a water softener can vary widely depending on the type and capacity of the system but think £500 upwards. If you’re not installing it yourself, you’ve also got the professional installation costs, which will be heavily influenced by the availability of plumbers in your local area and the complexity of the installation. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 drinking water filtration methods explained
Understanding the different types of drinking water filtration If you’re concerned about the quality of your drinking water, from either a private water supply or mains supply, it’s important to understand the different water filtration methods so that you can decide what the best home water filter system is for you. In this comprehensive guide we’ll explore the various water filtration methods that are used in homes throughout the UK. Which filter is best is always the one that solves the problem you have. At Fountain Filters we know from years of experience that the expansive range of water filtration methods available can leave people who desperately want to find out what the best water filter for tap water is; completely flummoxed. From activated carbon filters to reverse osmosis and beyond, we’ll guide you through the different water filtration techniques and what those water filters filter out of your household water. With our help you’ll be one step closer to improving the tap water in your home. And just as a heads up, the most important part of this article is the section on ‘how to select the best water filter for your needs’. That and the fact we’re always here to help you of course. Key Points There’s no single best water filter; the right one is always the method that solves the specific problem you have with your water. Activated carbon is the affordable all-rounder, excellent for improving taste and removing chlorine, PFAS, pesticides, and many other chemicals. Reverse osmosis removes the broadest range of contaminants but is costlier, wastes water, strips beneficial minerals, and suits point-of-use rather than whole-house. UV filtration disinfects against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa; it’s ideal for private supplies but doesn’t remove chemicals or metals. Ion exchange (water softeners) tackles hard water and limescale, while ceramic filters trap microorganisms and sediment; both are often paired with other methods. Distillation is thorough but energy-intensive, and we don’t recommend drinking distilled water long term as it removes all minerals. Table of contents The importance of filtering your tap water Overview of water filtration technologies How to select the best water filter for your needs The limitations of each water filtration technique Conclusion FAQs The importance of filtering your tap water People place a great deal of importance on their health and well-being, and rightly so. As a society we are constantly being told to look after ourselves better, both physically and mentally. Access to high quality drinking water is fundamental to a healthy life. This means that people take it seriously and want to know how they can filter water to remove any risk of contamination and make the water taste and smell better. Some may say that the filtration of drinking water in the UK has become a necessity, not a luxury. Lack of confidence in local water authorities across the UK has further supported people’s desire to learn how water filters work and what problems they can solve. Consumption of contaminated water should be avoided at all costs. A reliable water filter from a trusted supplier will help mitigate any risks both now and in the future. Peace of mind is a powerful tool. Filtering your tap water also supports the environment as there is less reliance on bottled water which contributes to the single use plastic problem. Overview of water filtration technologies When it comes to water filtration techniques there are several methods available including: • Activated carbon filters• Reverse Osmosis (RO)• Ultraviolet (UV) filtration• Ion Exchange filters• Ceramic filters• Distillation Different water filtration methods have distinct advantages and disadvantages depending on where it’s used and what you are trying to improve about your water. Let’s get started. Activated carbon filters Here at Fountain Filters, we call activated carbon filters the ‘magic ingredient of water filtration’. Activated carbon filters are some of the best home water filter systems in the UK. Many people choose to install an activated carbon filter because they want to improve the taste and smell of their water by removing the disinfectant chlorine. Chlorine is added to public water supplies across the UK to ensure household water is free of harmful bacteria and therefore safe to drink. Carbon water filters are phenomenally good at improving the taste and smell of drinking water as well as removing a wide range of contaminants such as pesticides, herbicides, trace pharmaceuticals, PFAS, hormones, endocrine disruptors, PAHs, THMs, some heavy metals including particulate lead, some nitrates, some phosphates, some VOCs. Activated carbon filters rely on a bed of activated carbon, which is a highly porous material with a large surface area. As water passes through the carbon filter, impurities are adsorbed onto the carbon, effectively trapping the contaminants that may be present in water. Water filtration methods that incorporate activated carbon are usually affordable and incredibly easy to maintain in comparison to other water filtration techniques out there on the market. Reverse osmosis (RO) Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely recognised water filtration method that has gained popularity due to its effectiveness in removing a broad spectrum of impurities such as fluoride, chlorine, chloramine, lead, pesticides, nitrates, sulphates and dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts). Your household water pressure pushes the tap water through a semi-permeable membrane that allows only water molecules to pass through, blocking larger molecules such as salts, heavy metals, and pathogens. Reverse osmosis as a water filtration technique provides a high level of purification, so is particularly effective in areas where water quality is continually being compromised. While it’s true that reverse osmosis removes unhealthy contaminants that may be present in your water, it’s important to consider some of the limitations if you’re considering purchasing a reverse osmosis system. We discuss this in the section below on ‘How to select the best water filter for your needs’. UV filtration Ultraviolet (UV) filtration is a favoured water filtration method if you access water from a private water supply such as a well, spring, or borehole. It’s not normally used as a water filtration technique in households on a mains supply as the water has already been treated with chlorine before it reaches your tap. UV filtration is a powerful weapon against microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Water passes through a chamber where it is exposed to ultraviolet light, which plays havoc with the DNA of harmful pathogens, rendering them incapable of reproduction and infection. One of the significant advantages of installing a UV water filter is that it does not introduce any chemicals such as chlorine into the water, making it a safe way to disinfect water. It is also quick and efficient, requiring only a few seconds of exposure to eliminate a wide range of pathogens effectively. Ion exchange filters Ion exchange water filtration methods form the basis of how hard water is turned into soft water. If you live in a hard water area and install a water softener you are effectively buying an ion exchange filter. The hard ions (calcium and magnesium) present in hard water are replaced with sodium ions, in a process called ion exchange. Salt-based ion exchange filters have been around for decades. They are what could be classed as the traditional water softener. An ion exchange filter requires regular maintenance and the addition of water softener salt. Many people believe that an ion exchange filter is the only water filtration technique for treating hard water, but it’s not. It’s important to highlight another way of conditioning hard water and that is with the use of TAC media. Ceramic filters When used as a water filtration method ceramic filters are an effective way of purifying water naturally. The microscopic pores in ceramic filters are particularly effect at filtering out bacteria, moulds, cysts, and sediment. The pores are so minute that microorganisms are trapped while allowing clean water to pass through. The beauty of ceramic filters is that they can be gently scrubbed to prolong the use of the cartridge by a few months, but this doesn’t mean that you never need to change them! Additionally, ceramic filters do not require electricity to operate, making them ideal for use in areas with unreliable power sources. Many ceramic filtration systems also come with additional features, such as activated carbon layers to remove chemicals such as chlorine and forever chemicals. Distillation As far as water filtration methods go, we’re not huge fans of people using distillation to clean up their drinking water or indeed drinking distilled water. Distillation works by boiling water in one vessel and then condensing the steam back into liquid form in a secondary vessel. Distillation removes a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals, salts, bacteria, parasites and viruses. As the water boils, impurities are left behind, ensuring that the condensed water is of high quality. There is no denying that distillation is one of the most thorough water filtration techniques available but drinking distilled water is not recommended in the long term. Why? Because once water is distilled there are no minerals in it which can seriously mess us your body’s pH, electrolytes, fluid, and mineral levels. The human body is not designed to drink distilled water. We often get people asking for a filter that will give them pure water and we would never recommend distillation unless it was the last water filtration method available on the planet! How to select the best water filter for your needs This is probably the most important section of this article, and one that might throw up more questions for you than answers. Always remember our telephone number 01352 838 281 is clearly visible on our website and we are ready to answer all the questions you have about water filters. Out of the several water filtration methods available, selecting the one that is going to be the best for you involves considering the following points. • What is it that you don’t like about your water? When people call or message us and they’re unsure about what the best home water filter system for their needs is going to be, this is the first question we ask. The answer helps us narrow down the most suitable water filtration method for their needs and enables us to give the best possible advice. • Is there anything specific that you want to remove from your water? You may have had your water analysed and the report highlights some specific issues that need to be resolved. This is more common if you are on a private water supply, and we are happy to help you interpret what that report is telling you. Or, you may have decided that you don’t want a particular contaminant to be present in your water, such as fluoride or are tired of limescale destroying your household appliances and want to find out how to treat your water accordingly.• Are you on a private water supply or mains water? This does make a difference to the type of water filtration method that will be best for your needs.• Do you just want to treat the water coming out of your kitchen tap or every tap in your home? If you want to filter your drinking water only this means going for a much smaller and lower cost unit than if you were treating water from every tap in your house.• How big is the place you live in and how many people live there? You may think this is a bizarre question, but it’s important to determine what the likely demand on your water supply is going to be. This will have a direct impact on the size of water filter that you will need. • How much do you want to spend? Paying more doesn’t always mean better in water filtration. This is where our expert help is invaluable as we never advise you to buy something that you don’t need. Our top priority is that you get something which is going to solve the problem you have with your water. Remember that you’ll have the upfront cost of the water filter system and then the annual cartridge renewal.• Are you committed to the easy maintenance of a water filter? Bear in mind that to ensure the steady supply of filtered water in your home you’ll need to change the water filter cartridge/s every 12 months. The limitations of each water filtration technique We’ve covered how each of the different water filtration methods works and their benefits. Now let’s move on to some limitations of each of the water filtration techniques. The main reason for talking about limitations is that water filtration isn’t a one size fits all. That’s why our purpose is to help guide you towards the best home water filter system for your needs and not the latest wonder product that Joe Bloggs and his celebrity investor has advertised all over social media! Activated Carbon Filters While activated carbon filters are a natural method of filtering water, relatively low cost, and easily maintained they do have some limitations. Ordinary carbon filters are not capable of removing contaminants such as heavy metals, fluoride, or limescale, and therefore need to be used in conjunction with more specialist water filter cartridges. That’s why you’ll see that many of our drinking or mains water filters are twin or triple units. Understanding the specific contaminants present in your water will help you determine whether activated carbon filters are the right solution for your needs. Water must remain in contact with the activated carbon filter long enough to ensure maximum effectiveness. If water flows too quickly through the filter cartridge your water won’t be properly filtered. This is why we help you understand that the size of filter system matters depending on how much of your household’s water you want to treat. Reverse Osmosis (RO) The initial financial outlay of a reverse osmosis system can be quite expensive as they are more complex systems and will normally require professional installation. Ongoing maintenance will also be more costly as there are more parts to replace in an RO system than carbon water filters. RO systems are not normally suited for whole house applications as the filtration process is slower than other water filtration methods. Water is produced in much smaller quantities and a lot of water is wasted during the filtration process. A reverse osmosis filter will also remove the beneficial minerals from your water. This of course can be overcome by adding a remineralisation stage, or ensuring you have a very good diet. UV Filtration UV filtration does have some limitations. It is not effective at removing chemical contaminants or heavy metals, so it is often used in conjunction with other filtration methods to provide comprehensive water purification. Additionally, UV systems require electricity to operate, which may be a consideration for those living in areas prone to power outages. Regular maintenance and annual lamp replacement is vital to ensure optimal performance. Understanding these factors will help you determine if UV disinfection is the right fit for your water quality needs. Ion Exchange Filters While a water softener is excellent at removing calcium and magnesium, the minerals responsible for limescale, they do increase sodium levels in the water due to the exchange process. Hard ions (calcium and magnesium) are replaced by sodium. This is why many people will install an RO system in addition to the water softener to remove the increased salt levels before consuming or cooking with it. The alternative is to have an unsoftened supply of water to the kitchen cold water tap. Ceramic Filters Ceramic filters will produce good clean water for drinking and cooking with but may not effectively remove certain dissolved chemicals, viruses, or heavy metals. As with carbon filters they are often used in conjunction with other water filtration methods to ensure more robust purification. Another drawback of ceramic filters is that they aren’t always suitable for whole house use due to flow rate restrictions. Distillation We’ve already highlighted that we’re not fond of distilling drinking water, and we’re quite taken aback that people out there believe that drinking distilled water is healthy. Distillation is expensive, energy-intensive and slower than other water filtration methods. Beneficial minerals such as calcium and magnesium are lost, which has a massive impact on the nutritional profile of the water as well as the taste. Conclusion Our purpose has been to explain the different water filtration methods available and help you understand that the best home water filter system is the one that solves the problem you have with your water. At Fountain Filters, we want you to have access to clean and safe drinking water that suits you and your budget. It’s important to us that you consider all water filtration methods. Seek professional advice if you are unsure about any aspect of home water filtration. We always provide help free of charge, no matter how many times you call 01352 838 281 or leave messages on our helpdesk. Ultimately, the goal is to find a reliable solution that provides peace of mind while ensuring that you and your loved ones have access to safe, clean drinking water. By taking the time to evaluate your options and consider your specific circumstances, you can confidently choose a water filtration method that will serve you well for years to come. FAQs What is the most effective water filtration method? There is no single best method. The most effective water filtration method is one that solves the problem you have with your water. Which water filter removes the most toxins? This depends on what you consider to be a toxin. Toxicity of what’s in water is highly subjective and dependant on concentration and tolerance levels – this is an individual and variable subject. Is there a water filter that removes forever chemicals? Yes, and our top three water filters that removes forever chemicals (PFAS) are the Oyster TC, Moby Cold Water Tap Filter, and the Doby. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 when to replace water filter cartridge safe drinking water
When you need to replace your water filter cartridge regularly to ensure safe drinking water To ensure a continuous stream of excellent quality water from your household taps, it’s extremely important to keep on top of when to replace water filter cartridges. When you initially made the decision to invest in a water filter there was a reason behind it. You wanted to remove or reduce certain contaminants or treat pesky limescale. Part of that promise you made to yourself to have access to clean excellent quality water was to know when to change the water filter cartridge and carry out proper maintenance of your system. Changing water filter cartridges isn’t an onerous or necessarily expensive task. You only need to think about it once or twice a year and we even remind you when to replace water filter cartridges. It can’t get easier than that! Before we get into the simple process of when to change water filter cartridges let’s clarify the terms we’re going to use throughout this article. Water filter – refers to the whole unit including the housing, components, and fittings. Water filter cartridge/s – refers to the cartridge or media that gets inserted into the housing. This is the part that requires changing to ensure that your water filter operates efficiently and effectively. We often have some very funny conversations with people who get confused between the two. Can you imagine the cost, not to mention the waste, if you changed the water filter all the time! Now that we’ve cleared that up, let’s move on. Key Points The ‘water filter’ is the whole housing unit; the ‘cartridge’ is the replaceable media inside, and it’s only the cartridge you need to change. Tell-tale signs it’s time to change include a dropping flow rate, the taste or smell reverting, discoloured water, or scale and sediment reappearing. As a rule, change cartridges every 6–12 months, and get into the habit of doing so at least every 12 months to prevent bacteria build-up. UV lamps are the exception; they must be replaced every 12 months, with pre-filter sediment cartridges changed alongside. Larger cartridges last longer than smaller inline ones, and Doulton ceramic carbon block cartridges should be changed every 6 months. Replace o-rings every two to three years to avoid leaks, recycle spent cartridges where possible, and use our 6-monthly reminder email to stay on track. Table of contents Signs to look out for of when to change the water filter cartridge What happens if you don’t replace water filter cartridges? When to replace the water filter cartridge Where can I find the right cartridge for my water filter? How to replace a water filter cartridge Don’t forget to recycle your water filter cartridges A reminder of the service we offer at Fountain Filters FAQ Signs to look out for of when to change the water filter cartridge ‘How do I know when my water filter needs replacing?’ This is a question we get asked multiple times. And yes, we know they mean water filter cartridge! There are some very clear signs to look out for that will tell you when you need to change your water filter cartridge. Ignoring these common signs will mean that your water filter won’t be effectively filtering your water the way you want it to. Water flow rate drops Invisible microscopic particles block water filter cartridges up over time and this impacts on the flow rate that you get coming out of your taps. It is much harder for water to pass through a clogged up cartridge. It would be like you trying to swim through treacle. This is one of the tell-tale signs of when you need to replace your water filter cartridge. Your water will go from having a good flow rate to a poor flow rate and it will probably annoy you intensely. It will annoy you so much that you’ll be prompted to buy a new water filter cartridge. The taste and smell of your water changes A clear indication that your water is reverting to tasting and smelling like it did before you installed your water filter. It’s amazing what you get used to and when the taste and smell change you notice it immediately. This is a clear indication that you need to change the water filter cartridge of your system. Your water looks different Is your water discoloured, or is there sediment present? If so, you need to replace your water filter cartridge. Or perhaps you’re noticing that there is scale building up again around the ends of your household taps, in the bottom of your kettle, floating on your cup of tea, or scaly deposits on your shower screen door. Water filter system requirements You can often eek a few extra weeks out of water filter cartridges with one exception. The exception is UV water filter systems. UV lamps must be replaced every 12 months to ensure that your water is effectively disinfected and remains free from harmful contaminants. The control panel or ballast on the UV will start alarming and this is how to tell when the water filter needs replacing. You’ll normally have a pre-filter before the UV unit and the pleated sediment water filter cartridges in these will also need to be changed to ensure the UV system works at its best. What happens if you don't replace water filter cartridges? If you choose not to properly maintain your water filter, then you leave yourself and your family wide open to drinking all the contaminants that you initially wanted to remove. Over time the water filter cartridges will cease to work effectively as they’ll be too much of a build-up of impurities and contaminants. To be blunt, your water filter won’t be doing anything useful, and you’ll notice the deterioration in your household water. Being aware of when to change your water filter cartridge is key to you getting the best out of your system and enjoying clean, fresh filtered water each day. Remember, what we said earlier. Replacing a water filter cartridge is not an onerous or necessarily expensive task. You only need to think about it once or twice a year and we even remind you when to replace water filter cartridges. There, we’ve said it again! When to replace the water filter cartridge Most of the information you’ll come across will tell you that you should replace your water filter cartridge every 6-12 months. It’s important to remember that this is a guideline and that you should always bear in mind the signs we’ve talked about above when it comes to changing your water filter cartridge. We think it’s worth getting into the habit of changing water filter cartridges a minimum of every 12 months. But it all depends on the type of water filter cartridge you have. Let’s highlight a few different types of cartridge. Carbon block We recommend replacing a carbon block based cartridge, such as our 2.5 x 10'' replacement cartridge, our 4.5 x 10'' carbon block water filter cartridge, or the 4.5 x 20'' carbon block cartridge a minimum of every 12 months to minimise the risk of possible bacteria colonies forming on the cartridge. Another carbon block based cartridge is the Doulton ultracarb range of water filter cartridges. These ceramic cartridges are impregnated with silver which does reduce bacteria colonies, but as they are carbon block, the manufacturer says they should be changed every 6 months. UV lamps We’ve already touched on this above, but UV lamps must be replaced every 12 months to ensure that your water is effectively disinfected and remains free from harmful contaminants. The control panel or ballast on the UV will start alarming and this is how to tell when the water filter needs replacing. You’ll normally have a pre-filter before the UV unit and the pleated sediment water filter cartridges in these will also need to be changed to ensure the UV system works at its best. A lot of manufacturers will state that you must change your cartridges every 6 months, but we feel it’s somewhere between 6 and 12 months. You are the best judge as you’re drinking the water that you’re filtering and using the information that we’ve shared so far, you’ll know when it’s time. Just try not to go past 12 months. The size of cartridge is also a determining factor. The larger cartridges such as the 2.5 x 10” Pearl H water filter cartridge will last twice as long as a smaller inline water filter cartridge because they’ve got a larger surface area and a greater volume of media. Where can I find the right cartridge for my water filter? It can be a bit daunting, trying to find the correct cartridge to go into your water filter. We hear from many people who didn’t buy their original water filter from us and have gone back to the company they bought it from, or the plumber they bought it through and just like a puff of smoke those companies or people disappear, can’t be contacted, or won’t return calls or emails. That leaves people in a right pickle and in need of a bit of help. We also have people who have moved into a property that has an existing water filter and haven’t a clue where to start because the previous owner has left no clue as to what the water filter is supposed to be filtering out or where to buy replacement water filter cartridges. If you were fortunate enough to deal with us from the start, we make the whole ‘when to replace water filter cartridges’ scenario as simple as it can be. We send you a 6 monthly reminder email with links directly to the products that you need to ensure your water filter remains operating efficiently and effectively. This email doesn’t mean you HAVE to buy replacements, it just jogs your memory to think about when to change the water filter cartridge. Our customers find this email incredibly useful, and it takes the guess work out of them trying to remember what they have. If at any point you want to re-purpose your existing water filter you can. Because of the versatility of our water filters, you can change your mind about what you want to filter out of your water. For example, you may start off just wanting to remove chlorine and chemicals but then feel that fluoride is becoming a concern to you. Changing your mind is never a problem for us. It’s about what you want to change about your water, not what we think we can sell you. How to replace a water filter cartridge Changing a water filter cartridge should never be difficult and there is really no need to call a plumber to do it for you unless you have difficulty with mobility or strength in your hands. We covered how to easily change your water filter cartridge in a blog post so take a look at it and don’t become nervous about giving it a go. Water filters are sturdy pieces of kit and not easy to break. O-rings It’s important here to talk about o-rings. This is the little rubber seal that sits at the top of the housing. The profile of the o-ring changes over time and can become flattened because of prolonged time under compression. If they become too out of shape it may be more difficult to get a good seal between the housing bowl and the housing cap. This is when you’ll get leaks. People then become tempted to tighten the housing bowl excessively to try and get it to seal. And then when it comes to replacing the water filter cartridge they can’t unscrew the housing. So, to save the headaches for the sake of a few quid we recommend that you replace the o-rings every two to three years just to be on the safe side. Don’t forget to recycle your water filter cartridges Recycling is always at the forefront of people’s minds and when it comes to water filter cartridges, if you can recycle them, we encourage you to do this. This was a topic we recently covered in a blog post called ‘How to recycle water filter cartridges correctly’. It’s a good read with lots of valuable information on how you can contribute to reducing your carbon footprint. A reminder of the service we offer at Fountain Filters If you need help on any aspect of water filtration or when to replace your water filter cartridge in your existing water filter, then we are here to help you. We offer free UK delivery on all water filter cartridges. Your items will be sent by either a Royal Mail tracked service or Parcelforce. We have trusted and long lasting relationships with our suppliers and have done since we started in 2011. You can be assured that if anything goes wrong, we can be contacted either by calling 01352 838281or sending us a message on our helpdesk. FAQs How to replace a water filter cartridge? Replacing a water filter cartridge is easy. It's a task you can do yourself unless you have mobility or strength limitations. Turn off the water supply, open the tap to release pressure, unscrew the bowl from the cap, empty any water and remove the old cartridge, rinse and wipe the bowl, check the o-ring, unwrap the new cartridge and drop into the bowl, screw the bowl back onto the cap, turn the water back on and allow the system to refill, close the tap, check for leaks, open the tap, run the water for 5-10 minutes. Where can I recycle water filters near me? Determine where you can recycle water filters near you by finding out what your local council's recycling guidelines are. Please do not wish-cycle by throwing water filter cartridges into your kerbside recycling bin and hoping for the best. How long do water filter cartridges last? The life of a water filter cartridge is determined by how much water runs through it. This is normally 6-12 months. Fountain Filters recommends changing water filter cartridge a minimum of every 12 months to minimise the risk of bacteria building up on the cartridge. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
0 How to Remove Chlorine from tap water
How to remove chlorine from tap water and drink safe water Ah, the heady aroma of chlorine in water. You've probably all smelled it and may not have known what it was. It sometimes makes you feel as though you're sitting in the swimming pool and not your bathtub! Keeping the hundreds of thousands of kilometres of water pipes free of harmful bacteria which could make you very ill is no mean feat and the use of chlorine or chloramine is a tried and tested way of ensuring the water is safe as it flows from the water treatment works to your household taps. In this article we're going to focus on the use of chlorine as a preventative measure in water treatment, the pros, and cons of chlorine in tap water, answering the question of 'is it safe to drink chlorinated water?', and how to remove chlorine from tap water if you don't want it in there. Key Points Chlorine is added to UK mains water to kill harmful bacteria and prevent waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. UK tap water has very low chlorine levels, typically 0.5 mg/l or less, well within WHO guidelines; private supplies have none. At these levels chlorine isn't unsafe to drink, but sensitive people may notice taste and smell, or skin, hair, and breathing effects. Chlorine can be removed by standing water in open air for up to 24 hours, boiling it, or filtering it. Standing and boiling are slow and impractical for everyday use and don't treat shower or bath water. A carbon block filter is the easiest solution: a drinking water filter for the kitchen tap, or a mains filter for the whole house. Table of contents What is chlorine? How much chlorine is there in UK tap water? What are the signs of chlorine in water? Is chlorine safe to drink? Side effects of chlorine in drinking water How to remove chlorine from drinking tap water Fountain Filters can help you remove chlorine from tap water FAQ What is chlorine? Many people know that their water is chlorinated, so the answer to the common question 'does tap water have chlorine?', is a resounding YES. But what is chlorine? We're going to skip a lot of the science here but feel free to read all about chlorine on the internet or here. Chlorine is manufactured from table salt by electrolysis. The gas produced is liquified at high pressure and then transported for use in the water treatment industry. Chlorine penetrates the surface of the pathogens ('the bugs!'), rendering them useless and no longer able to spread. They basically just die out. The use of chlorine keeps your water germ-free and hygienic, preventing the spread of cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, all of which are incredibly nasty waterborne diseases. Did you know that in 1897 Maidstone, England was the first to have its entire water supply treated with chlorine? More widespread use of chlorine as a highly efficient water disinfectant in the UK started in 1905. If chlorine wasn't used, bacteria, viruses and protozoans would quite happily grow and multiply at an alarming rate in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains, and in water storage tanks. The people of the UK would be in a dire situation. Chlorine is cheap and effective. If they didn't' add chlorine in tap water, you could become very ill. If you're on mains water in the UK, there will be chlorine present. If you're on a private water supply, there is no need to worry as you won't have chlorine in your water. How much chlorine is there in UK tap water? England, Wales, and Scotland have very low levels of chlorine in tap water, typically 0.5 mg/l or less. The World Health Organisation guidelines on maximum chlorine also state 5 mg/l. This level can fluctuate for short periods if there is planned maintenance in the vast network of pipes. If the level rises, you're more likely to smell or taste chlorine in your tap water. You may also notice it more if you live closer to the water treatment works. Your local water company can provide a free water quality report which will give you information about the levels of chlorine in your drinking water. What are the signs of chlorine in water? The simplest way to describe the smell of chlorine is to liken it to bleach or other strong cleaning products. Or, if you've heard of TCP, it's a bit like that. It shouldn't be so strong as to knock you off your feet and should normally not linger for long periods of time. If you ever notice the smell of chlorine being particularly strong and your tap water becomes undrinkable then we recommend you contact your water company. You'll find their contact details on one of your recent water bills. Is chlorine safe to drink? Because of the very low levels of chlorine present in tap water, it's not unsafe to drink. As we've already mentioned, we'd be a lot worse off in the UK if they didn't treat the water to make it potable. So, in terms of public health, the use of chlorine has been a resounding win. However, just because the levels are low enough for it not to be unsafe to drink, chlorinated water can still have an impact on the human body. Depending on your level of sensitivity to it you might just be put off by the taste and smell of chlorine in your drinking water. For others, it may have more problematic effects. If you're at all unsure, the most pro-active thing to do is remove chlorine from water. Your health and well-being are your top priority. Side effects of chlorine in drinking water We've already answered the question of 'does tap water have chlorine?'. The most logical next question is 'what are the side effects of chlorine in drinking water?' It's important to remember that there are very low levels of chlorine in your water and therefore when you're questioning is chlorine safe to drink, the answer is 'it's not unsafe'. However, there are some things we'd like to highlight as some people will be more sensitive to chlorine than others. Unpleasant taste and smell - even though there are very low levels of chlorine in tap water and therefore not unsafe people are very put off by the unpleasant taste and smell of chlorinated water. Some people are much more sensitive than others and will notice the differences when travelling to different parts of the UK. This is one of the main chlorine drinking water side effects and is a major push towards finding out how to remove chlorine from tap water. Breathing problems - it's highly unlikely that you'll experience breathing difficulties because of chlorine in your water unless you have existing lung and airway problems, and suffer from asthma, hay fever, or chronic bronchitis. Heavy smokers would also be included in this vulnerable group as they may be more susceptible to the effects of chlorine. It's worth highlighting here that chorine in water isn't the only household place it can be lurking. Many household cleaning products contain chlorine in much higher levels than water and contact with it may cause breathing difficulties. This of course depends on the way you are exposed and how long for. Minor symptoms would include a burning sensation of the eyes and throat with more serious symptoms being excessive coughing and/or breathing difficulties. Skin problems - this is another factor that prompts tap water chlorine removal. If you are extremely sensitive to chlorine, chlorinated water can have a drying and irritable effect on skin, and this can make it itchy and sore. For people who already suffer from skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, bathing or showering in water that contains residual levels of chlorine can exacerbate those problems. So instead of rushing to the pharmacy to buy bucket loads of hydrocortisone cream, remove chlorine from water first and see how you get on. Hair problems - dry, weak hair with an annoying itchy scalp is probably more of a problem if you are swimming multiple times a week and stripping your hair of its natural oils. The concentration of chlorine in water is much higher than washing your hair in the bath or shower at home. But again, this is an important factor when making the decision to remove chlorine from water as no one likes dull, lifeless hair. Chlorine and cancer - we suggest that you are very careful with what you read on the internet about chlorine and its links to cancer. Chlorine as a chemical disinfectant in water forms chemical by-products known as trihalomethanes (THM's). It is THM's that have caused the jungle drums to start beating and there is very little good quality data on the health effects of THMs. The risks associated with inadequate disinfection of water would be much greater. And you can eradicate that risk by filtering chlorine out of water. Prevention is always better than cure. Chlorine and pregnancy - again be very wary of what you read on the internet as there is very limited data available on the risk of chlorine by-products in pregnancy. If you are at all concerned find a water filter that removes chlorine. How to remove chlorine from drinking tap water We get asked 'how to remove chlorine from tap water' frequently and always share the very easy ways this can be achieved. If your water company is using chlorine as the primary disinfectant, then here are some ways to remove it. If your water company is using chloramine to disinfect the water, then we'll look at how to remove chloramine in another article. Chlorine in water can be removed by standing, boiling, or filtering. Let's look at each one of the methods to remove Chlorine from water in turn. Standing This is very simple because all you need to do is let your tap water breathe in the open air for up to 24 hours. Chlorine is a gas, so it just evaporates. We think you'd agree that this is a little time consuming and if you're anything like us you'd forget to fill up your jug with water and leave it to stand for that length of time. This also doesn't remove chlorine from water that's streaming out your shower or filling up your bath. Boiling water to remove chlorine Does boiling water remove chlorine? This is a perfectly reasonable question, and the answer is yes. Chlorine is very volatile in water and will eventually evaporate, hence why you can let it stand for up to 24 hours. But if you raise the temperature of the water, you can speed the process of evaporation up and instead of 24 hours it should only take 15-20 minutes. But if you're boiling it to drink then you've got the problem of having to wait for it to cool down! It takes roughly four minutes to remove 1mg of chlorine from 45 litres of water. Therefore, you'd need to know how much chlorine was in your water to determine how long to boil it. This all seems rather complicated to us. Can you imagine relentlessly boiling pans of water for ever more. No, we can't either! It may also cause an unwelcome spike in your gas or electricity bill. You'd also have no idea how much chlorine you're removing without getting your water analysed, either by doing it yourself with an at-home chlorine test kit or asking someone to carry out a water analysis test which would cost you money. Filtering chlorine from water We've mentioned letting your water stand and boiling your water to remove chlorine, but do water filters remove chlorine? You'll be pleased to hear that filtering chlorine out of water is easy and there are a few quick and practical ways to do it. Read the next section to find out how to filter chlorine from water. Fountain Filters can help you remove chlorine from tap water As water filtration experts in how to remove chlorine from water we can help guide you towards a solution that's right for your home. It's important for you to consider whether you just want to treat your kitchen tap or whether you want a whole house system, which will remove chlorine in tap water from kitchens, bathrooms, and utility rooms. Drinking water filter If you're just looking for a drinking water filter system for home then our entry level chlorine and taste filter is the perfect tap water chlorine removal system for your kitchen tap. This is a high-performance drinking water filter that uses a carbon block filter cartridge that improves the taste and smell of your tap water and removes up to 95% of chlorine. Whole house filter Why stop at your kitchen tap when you can remove chlorine from water throughout your home using a mains water filter system. Our best selling cold water tap filter Moby or the Doby whole house water filter system are the perfect starting point to chlorine free water for you and your family. It's important to choose the correct water filter for the size of your home. If you are unsure, we are here to help you. Reverse Osmosis A reverse osmosis water system will remove chlorine from water as well as everything else. We highly recommend speaking to us first before considering an RO system as a means of removing chlorine in tap water. Contacting us is easy. Call 01352 838 281 or use our very popular helpdesk to ask a question. FAQ Is chlorine in UK tap water? Yes, chlorine is added to UK mains water to ensure that your tap water is free of harmful bacteria that could make you ill if you drink it. Does chlorine in water evaporate? Yes, chlorine is a gas and will evaporate. If you leave a glass of water to stand in the open air for up to 24 hours, it will be chlorine free. How to remove chlorine from tap water? There are three main ways to remove chlorine from tap water. Leave it to stand in the open air for up to 24 hours, boil the water, or install a drinking water filter or whole house water filter that contains a carbon block water filter cartridge. About the author Louise Allen is a partner at Fountain Filters, where she's helped run the business since 2011. Alongside the day-to-day order management, despatch, and quality, she's built up a practical, hands-on knowledge of water filtration, and reviews the site's articles to keep the advice accurate and genuinely useful. Outside work, she's run the London Marathon with business partner Simon.
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